Unit 2

Question 1

Directional Selection

Answer 1

When the graph stays at same height and width. just shifts over. One phenotype increases

Question 2

Diversifying Selection

Answer 2

Two extremes within graphs - light and dark mice only

Question 3

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 3

Losing out on extremes in graph - increase in moderate species

Question 4

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 4

Species are separated by a physical barrier and cannot cross bread, leading to independent evolution and speciations

Question 5

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 5

Species are not seperated but changed in behaviors leads to a lack of mating and eventual speciation

Question 6

Speciation

Answer 6

1 population ends up breaking into two populations that genetically diverge

Question 7

Indicator Species

Answer 7

Alerts us to changes in the environment earlier than other species due to their immense sensitivity to change - frogs, canaries

Question 8

Foundation Species

Answer 8

Alters the environment in a way that influences other species - build/physically affect environment

Question 9

Keystone Species

Answer 9

Species that exert a large influence over an ecosystem and is depended on by many other species

Otters die - urchins increase - kelp dies

Question 10

Generalist vs Specialist Species

Answer 10

Broad Niche vs Narrow, Specific Niche

Question 11

Primary Succesion

Answer 11

No soil, volcanoes, starts with pioneer species making soil, ends with climax community, slower

Question 12

Secondary Succession

Answer 12

Has soil, fires, abandoned agricultural foods, floods, small plants grow back quickly, quicker

Question 13

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Answer 13

Ecosystems can withstand a moderate amount of disturbance and it often increases biodiversity more than a low or high disturbance (which can lead to extinction)

Question 14

Species Richness

Answer 14

Number of Species in an Ecosystem

Question 15

Species Evenness

Answer 15

Refers to whether species are equal in abundance - rainforest has high species evenness, a pine forest has low species evenness

Question 16

Larger Islands closer to mainland

Answer 16

Higher Biodiversity

Question 17

Zone of Physiological Stress

Answer 17

Range of tolerance where the organisms are uncomfortable

Question 18

Zone of Intolerance

Answer 18

Range ofTolerance where species cannot stand the environment without illness, injury, or death

Question 19

A population bottleneck could cause

Answer 19

low genetic diversity within a species

Question 20

Low Habitat Diversity High Genetic Diversity often means

Answer 20

low number of specialist species over a broad amount of area

Question 21

Regulating Services

Answer 21

Pollination, decomposition, and water purification

Question 22

Supporting Services

Answer 22

Services needed for production of other ecosystem services like photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, and creation of soils

Question 23

Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming?

Answer 23

The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification

Question 24

background extinction

Answer 24

the slow and natural rate of extinction of a species on earth

Question 25

mass extinction

Answer 25

periods of extreme environmental change that result in the extinction of over 50% of the species on earth

Question 26

ecosystem valuation

Answer 26

an attempt to quantify the value (in $$) of the ecosystem services provided to humans by the natural environment ⇨ estimated $30 trillion/yr

Question 27

what quantifies the price of ecosystem valuation?

Answer 27

1. the cost to replace services provided by the ecosystem for free 2. the economic impact proximity to ecosystem services has on property value 3. the amount of money people are willing to spend using services 4. the amount of money it costs to repair areas damaged when services are lost

Question 28

provisioning

Answer 28

(providing) services that give us products DIRECTLY (raw or usable) ex: wood, food, energy, medicine

Question 29

regulating

Answer 29

benefits obtained from a natural cycle | ex: flood prevention, erosion control

Question 30

supporting

Answer 30

ecosystem services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services ex: soil formation, nutrient cycling

Question 31

cultural

Answer 31

nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystems | ex: recreation, spiritual, education, heritage

Question 32

islands biogeography

Answer 32

the study of the ecological relationships and distribution of organisms on islands, and of these organisms’ community structure

Question 33

fragmenting increases

Answer 33

edge habitats which selects for generalists… there is a lack of apex predators (deer, squirrels, raccoons) - increased risk of predation - increased parasitism and disease - competition from invasive species

Question 34

fragmentation decreases

Answer 34

core habitat which selects against apex predators… they need a large habitat to survive (bears, lynxes, wolves)

Question 35

periodic natural disturbance:

Answer 35

occurs with regular frequency tidal fluctuations, season changes, migrations, atmospheric conditions , average sea level

Question 36

episodic natural disturbance:

Answer 36

occasional event with irregular frequency | tectonic plate movement, floods, droughts, storms, wildfires, el niño southern oscillation, ice ages

Question 37

random natural disturbance:

Answer 37

no regular frequency | meteor impacts

Question 38

Species experience disturbance have three choices

Answer 38

ADAPT MIGRATE DIE