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Biology - 1010 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

First people to identify and observe cells?

A

Leeunwehoek - first scientist to observe cells

Robert Hooke - first to use the term “cell”

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

idea that all living things are composed of cells, because they’re the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are only produced from existing cells

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3
Q

Why do cells rely on SA?

A

because it makes it easier for the villi to surround the nutrients, while the microvilli protects the cell by moving small things around the outside of it

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4
Q

Why are smaller cells more efficient than larger ones?

A

a larger cell has a reduced surface-area-to-volume ratio, and the amount of diffusion of nutrients, wastes, and gases across the cell membrane is reduced.

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5
Q

Why are humans multicellular?

A

b/c the vili would be too small to allow for efficient movement of nutrients and oxygen into the cell and wastes

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

no membrane bound nucleus

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7
Q

Eukaryotic

A

has a membrane bound nucleus

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8
Q

fimbriae

A

hair like structures on the outside of a prokaryotic cell and help attach to appropriate surfaces

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9
Q

Nucleoid

A

instead of having a true nucleus, prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid which contains the cell’s DNA and isn’t surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

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10
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell to regulate what crosses that barrier

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11
Q

cell wall

A

in the outermost layer of plant cells ONLY, it protects the cell from dehydration and external environment, and maintains typical shape

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12
Q

capsule

A

a gel like coating outside of cell wall

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13
Q

flagella

A

has a long, thin protein extensions that rotate like a propeller, allowing them to push the cell forward

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14
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesises proteins

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15
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

part of the plasma membrane, has cholestorol to help maintain fluidity

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

jellylike substances that surrounds the inside of the cells, provides extra protection

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17
Q

plasmids

A

rings of DNA located within the cytoplasm

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18
Q

Archea

A

type of bacteria
Cell wall - usually
has - plasma membrane & ribosomes
doesn’t have - nucleus, peptidoglycan, or membrane bound organelle

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19
Q

Bacteria

A

cell wall - usually
has - peptidoglycan, plasma membrane & ribosomes
doesn’t have - nucleus or membrane bound organelle

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20
Q

eukaryotes

A 
cell wall (plants) - sometimes
has - plasma membrane, ribosomes (larger than prokaryotic), nucleus, phospholipid bilayer
doesn't have - peptidoglycan
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21
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a double membrane separating the nucleus and cytoplasm

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22
Q

chromatin

A

consists of DNA and proteins becomes chromosomes when the cell is ready to undergo cell division

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23
Q

nucleolus

A

a region within the nucleus where a type of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), is produced

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24
Q

vesicles

A

membrane bound sacs that stores and transport substances & unique organelle

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25
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

smooth & rough combined an interconnected system of membranous channels and sacs that is physically continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

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26
Q

golgi apparatus

A

has cisternea, collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids

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27
Q

vacuole

A

a large membranous sac

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28
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

cisternea, ribosomes, large folding, and transport of proteins for export

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29
Q

cell wall eukaryotes

A

Protecting the cell while remaining permeable.

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30
Q

how does the endomembrane system acts as a transport system?

A

because the organelles that compose it are connected directly or by transport vesicles.

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31
Q

Explain why plant cells need both chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

Chloroplasts allow them to capture solar energy to produce organic molecules. Plant cells need mitochondria to break down the organic molecules to produce ATP which is used for energy in their metabolism.

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32
Q

Animal & plant cell ONLY

A

mitochondria

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33
Q

As the size of a cell decreases, the ratio of its surface area to volume

A

increases

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34
Q

NOT in a Prokaryotic cell

A

mitochondria

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35
Q

What is the role of proteins, steroids, and phospholipids in the fluid-mosaic model.

A

Phospholipids compose a bilayer that separates the inside from the outside of the cell. Steroids in the bilayer regulate the fluidity of the membrane. Proteins present in the membrane contribute to its structure, the passage of molecules across the membrane, signaling pathways, cell recognition, and enzyme reactions.

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36
Q

extracellular matrix in an animal cell functions

A
  • Collagen and elastin fibers provide structure
  • Fibronectin binds to integrin in the membrane & signal the cell’s cytoskeleton.
  • Proteoglycans assist in cell signaling
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37
Q

difference between adhesion, gap, and tight junction

A

Adhesion junction—mechanically attaches to cell membrane
gap junction—allows cells to communicate through channels;
tight junction—connects plasma membranes, creating a tight barrier ; zipper

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38
Q

fluid mosiac model structure

A

shows a plasma membrane, states that components like (proteins, glycolipids) form a pattern in the fluid like environment

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39
Q

channel proteins

A

allow a substance to simply move across the membrane, w/o hydrogen ions & ATP aren’t produced

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40
Q

carrier proteins

A

they combine w/ a substance to move it across the membrane

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41
Q

cell recognition proteins

A

glycoproteins that help the body recognize when there’s a bad cell

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42
Q

receptor proteins

A

a protein that binds to a specific molecule

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43
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

carry out metabolic reactions directly

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44
Q

passive diffusion

A

moves from high to low, concentration gradient

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45
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of molecules that only take place if it is helped by a specific protein carrier and chanel in the membrane, can occur in either direction depending on the concentration gradient

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46
Q

prokaryotic & eukaryotic

A

cytoplasm, ribosome, bacteria

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47
Q

inegral proteins

A

chanel, carrier, receptor, - travel through the membrane

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48
Q

peripheral proteins

A

cell recognition, glycogen - stay on the outside

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49
Q

embedded proteins

A

control movement across plasma membrane

  • channel proteins
  • carrier proteins
  • cell recognition
  • receptor proteins
  • enzymatic proteins
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50
Q

smoothe endoplasmic reticulumn

A

small dough foldings, no ribosome, it transports proteins for export, no cisterna

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51
Q

osmosis

A

moves high to low
less water+ more solute = high osmotic pressure
more water+ less solute= low osmotic pressure

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52
Q

selectively permeable

A

the plasma membrane, because only certain substances can cross it such as small noncharged molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, glycerol

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53
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration

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54
Q

hypotonic

A

a cell gains water because concentration is higher inside so there’s less water

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55
Q

hypertonic

A

a cell loses water because there’s less water outside the cell

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56
Q

isotonic

A
  • the same amount of water that moves in moves out state of equalibrium on either side of the membrane
  • (good) animal cell
  • (bad) plant cell
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57
Q

crenation

A

when a lot of water leaves the cell, ruining the structure

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58
Q

active transport

A

from low to high concentration, requires ATP

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59
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

1 ATP = 2 K (in) & 3 Na (out)

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60
Q

exocytosis

A

takes something to the cell wall to go outside

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61
Q

endocytosis

A

takes something into the cell, the plasma membrane surrounds pinches it off and moves it inward (insulin)

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62
Q

cellular junction

A

cells come in close or physical contact with other cells to communicate

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63
Q

tight junction

A

found lining the digestive system

PM connects adjacent cells

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64
Q

gap junction

A

physically connects with proteins, creates a channel for things to travel through

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65
Q

plasmodesmata

A

little holes in a plant cell, that allows thing to pass through

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66
Q

tissue types

A

Epithelial - covers the body, lines body cavities
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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67
Q

epthelial (human)

A

External - protections from injury, regenerate liver, prevents desiccation
internal - secret mucus (goblet), remove debris (cilia), absorption
sits on a basement membrane

68
Q

Epthelial Classification

A

Squamous - flattened
- Simple (one) - lungs, blood vessels, diffusion
Stratified (multiple) nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina
- Cuboidal - simple cubed shaped, absorption, gastric pits, the lining of kidney, pancreatic islets
- Columnar (simple) - digestive tract, absorption
Pseudostratified removes impurities

69
Q

connective tissues

A

binds organs together, produces blood cells, stores fat

70
Q

connective (CT)

A

binds organs together, produces blood cells, stores fat

71
Q

collagen

A

main structural protein in the ECM

- gives skin strength & elasticity

72
Q

adipose & reticular CT

A

enlarged fibroblasts filled with fat, important for insulation and storage

73
Q

transport of membrane assisted

A

pinches off ER and goes to golgi

74
Q

secretory of membrane assisted

A

Pinches off the golgi and goes to outside the cell

75
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular ingestion using the PM and pseudopods

fuses with lysosome and digestion occurs

76
Q

pinocytosis

A

PM surrounds and an indent is made in it then is pinched off

77
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated

78
Q

receptor-mediated

A

binds with receptor proteins and moves to a pit in the PM “coated pit”

79
Q

extracellular matrix

A

a complex meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins made by cells

80
Q

structural proteins

A

used to build structural components of the body like bones uses collagen, elastin

81
Q

adhesive proteins

A

cell to cell; fibronectin

82
Q

adhesive junction

A

connect cytoskeleton

most common type

83
Q

reticular

A

small support structures of fibrousis matrix

84
Q

elastic

A

stretchy elastin protein

85
Q

loose fibrous CT

A

supports and binds, under the skin, allows expansion

covers muscles, nerves, and blood vessels

86
Q

dense fibrous CT

A

high density and tightly packed
support of muscles and bones
dermis of skin

87
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

88
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

89
Q

cartilage

A

dense fibrous CT, smooth surfaces, joint movement

90
Q

Lacunae

A

where the cartilage sits

91
Q

Types of cartilage

A

hyaline- common found in the trachea
elastic- stretchy and is the outer ear
fibrocartilage- tension it is the disk in our spine

92
Q

Bone

A

Rigid CT
Inorganic salts being calcium and phosphate
Collagen fibers interlaced for flexibility
Provides oxygen for blood which helps broken bones repair
Living tissue that is compact and spongey

93
Q

osteoblasts

A

secret bone and become trapped by doing so

94
Q

osteocytes

A

calcium storage

95
Q

osteoclasts

A

resorbs bone

96
Q

blood

A

matrix noncellular

plasma 55%, red/white blood cells 45%, platelets- clot blood

97
Q

muscular tissue

A

actin and myosin proteins

muscle contraction

98
Q

Skeletal muscle MT

A

attached to tendons, striations, fusion of cells containing multiple nuclei, voluntary control, moves body parts

99
Q

Smooth MT

A

no striations, spindle shape, thick over thin, only one nucleus, line digestive organs and blood vessels, peristalsis, involuntary control

100
Q

Cardiac MT

A

lines walls of heart, has striations, single nucleus, pumps blood
Intercalated disc- connects cells end to end and promotes an electrical current
Involuntary control

101
Q

Nervous tissue

A

contain neurons that have a cell body, dendrites that receive information and sends it to the cell body, axon where the message is sent down and is covered by the myelin sheath

Found in the brain and spinal cord

sensory input and motor output

102
Q

neuroglia

A

more common than neurons and support neurons

103
Q

Body cavities and membranes

A

anterior- upward, posterior- downward, ventral- belly,
dorsal- back

superior- pertaining to the head, inferior- pertaining to the feet, medial- the middle of, proximal- close to the center of gravity, distal- father from the center of gravity

104
Q

ventral cavities

A

thoracic- lungs and heart
abdominal- spleen and liver contains most of digestive system
Pelvic- some large intestine and rectum bladder and reproductive system

105
Q

diaphragm

A

separates thoracic and abdominal cavity and helps with breathing

106
Q

dorsal cavities

A

cranial cavity- holds the brain

vertebral canal- holds the spinal cord

107
Q

body membranes

A

Mucous, serous, synovial, meninges

108
Q

mucous ET and LCT

A

goblet cells, lines dig, resp, uri, and repro

109
Q

serous ET and LCT

A

lines thoracic and abdominal cavities, watery lubricant, support and compartmentalize

110
Q

synovial

A

line joints, lubricate with cartilage

111
Q

meninges

A

protective brain cover

112
Q

integumentary system

A

epidermis, dermis, skin, synthesize vitamin-D, sensory input, homeostasis

113
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart, transport blood, temp ph, and fluid homeostasis

114
Q

lymphatic and immune

A

lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, protection from disease, absorbs fat, collect interstitial fluid

115
Q

digestive

A

ingest and digest, absorb and eliminate, fluid homeostasis

116
Q

respiratory system

A

lungs, exchange gases, ph homeostasis

117
Q

urinary

A

kidneys and bladder, remove metabolic waste, ph and fluid homeostasis

118
Q

musculoskeletal

A

bones and muscles, support and protection, movement and heat, store minerals, produce blood cells

119
Q

nervous

A

brain and spinal cord, sense process motor, coordination

120
Q

endocrine

A

organs and glands, hormones, coordination, homeostasis

121
Q

reproductive

A

testes and ovaries, produce and transport gametes, nurture offspring

122
Q

List a major organ found in 4 organ system

A

Integumentary - skin;
cardiovascular - heart;
lymphatic and immune - lymph nodes;
digestive - small intestine;

123
Q

identify 2 organ system that protect the body from disease

A

Integumentary, and lymphatic and immune

124
Q

Meristematic tissue

A

allows a plant to grow its entire life because it retains cells that forever have the ability to divide and produce more tissues so PLANTS GROW TILL DEATH

125
Q

Apical meristem

A 
the type of meristematic tissue that is present in the tips of all growing stems and roots of a plant- VERTICAL growth
types:
Epidermal tissue - outer cover 
Ground tissue - fills interior 
Vascular tissue -  water & sap transport
126
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

forms the outer protective covering of a herbaceous plants (NOT A TREE) ; plant skin

127
Q

Ground tissue

A

fills the interior of a plant; produces toxins, hormones & pigments. these cells are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

128
Q

Vascular tissue

A

transports water & nutrients in a plant and provides support

129
Q

epidermis

A

the complex tissue covering the entire body of non woody (herbaceous) and young woody plants

130
Q

cuticle

A

a waxy covering for air exposed epidermal cells; minimizes water cells

131
Q

root hairs

A

long slendar projections in certain epidermal cells; increase the surface area of the root for water & mineral absorption

132
Q

parenchyma

A
  • most abundant, thinnest cell wall, photosynthesis

- found in all organs of a plant, alive at maturity

133
Q

collenchyma

A

gives flexible support to immature regions of plant body

  • thicker primary wall
  • prominent corners, often in bundles
134
Q

sclerenchyma

A
  • thick secondary cell wall that forms between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane
  • contains lignin, support mature regions of a plant
  • dead at maturity
135
Q

ligin

A

a highly resistant organic substance that makes cell walls tough, inside secondary cell wall

136
Q

xylem (vascular plant tissue)

A

transports water and mineral from roots to stem to leaves (transpiration) ]

137
Q

phloem (vascular plant tissue

A

transports sugar and organic molecule like hormones throughout the plant (translocation)
1 phloem – 1 companion cell (has nucleus)

138
Q

Vascular tissue locations(plants)

A

roots - vascular cylinder
stem - vascular bundles
leaves - leaf veins

139
Q

periderm

A

epidermal tissues for older woody trees

140
Q

stomata

A

allows water to leave cells

141
Q

tracheids & vessel element

A

two types of xylem cells that stack to form a straw to tranport water
vessel - great transporter
tracheids - not a good tranporter

142
Q

root system

A

penetrates soil function - anchorage, absorption, and soil

143
Q

shoot system

A

transports water & sap
terminal bud - allows plant upward growth
lateral growth - only possible for the stem for certain plants
stem - main axis of a plant, transports water & sap
leaves - require water and and sunlight to carry on photosynthesis

144
Q

node & internode

A

node - occurs where leaves are attached to the stem, internode - the region between the nodes

145
Q

petiole

A

the stalk that attaches the blade to the stem
blade; leaf margin
- maximizes sunlight
- photosynthesis

146
Q

blade

A

wide portion of the leaf

147
Q

axillary bud

A

Bud located in the axil of a leaf.

148
Q

functions of leaves

A

maximizes sunlight
specialized tissue
photosynthesis

149
Q

tree types

A

Deciduous - loose leaves
Evergreen - loose needles
Modified - in cacti (holds water)

150
Q

symbiosis

A

Nitrogen fixing bacteria, the fungus colonizes the plants roots and is provided with carbohydrates, sucrose and glucose, in return the plant benefits from the fungi ’s higher water and mineral absorption capabilities

151
Q

Compare the structure and function of roots, stems, and leaves

A

Roots - the root hairs, with their large surface area, allow for uptake of water and minerals. The branching allows them to stabilize the aboveground portion of the plant.
Stems - allow for continued growth and contain xylem and phloem for transportation of water and nutrients through the plant.
Leaves - allow for sunlight to reach the chloroplasts and gases can diffuse easily. The petiole allows for maximum exposure to the sun.

152
Q

monocots (angio sperm)

A 
Seed - 1 cotyledon ( seed leaf)
Root - Xylem & phloem in a ring (fibrous - many)
Stem - scattered Vascular bundles 
Leaf - veins form a parallel pattern
Flower - splits in 3 and multiples of 3
Pollen - One pore or slit
153
Q

Eudicots (angio sperm)

A

Seed - 2 cotyledon (seed leaf)
Root - phloem between arms of xylem (taproot)
Stem - vascular bundles in distinct ring
Leaf - veins form net pattern
Flowers - parts in 4’s, 5’s, or multiples
Pollen - 3 pores or slits
TREES are eudicots!!

154
Q

List monocots & eudicots plants

A

Monocots: corn, grass, palms
Eudicots: dandelions, oak trees, potatoes, kale

155
Q

angiosperm

A

a plant that has flowers and produces seeds

156
Q

pericycle

A

The first layer of cells within the vascular cylinder

157
Q

tap root

A

(eudicots only!) the first or primary root grows straight down

158
Q

fibrous root system

A

consists of many fine roots similar in diameter

- mature plants have both!

159
Q

How does a plant control what enters the vascular bundle?

A

through a Casparian strip, which requires water and minerals to pass through the cells to enter the xylem

160
Q

Monocots and & Eudicots both have

A

Dermal tissues
Ground tissues
Vascular

161
Q

guard cells

A

control water movement

162
Q

open stoma

A

transports potassium, water follows (osmosis) into vacuole = turgid

163
Q

closed stoma

A

potassium leaves vacuole, water follows (transpiration) = good

164
Q

transpiration

A
  • UNIDIRECTIONAL -
    water evaporates through leaves, creating tension to pull water up, cohesion keeps it in a continuous column, adhesion keeps it in place
165
Q

translocation

A
  • BIDRECTIONAL -
    sugar is actively transported into phloem at a source, and water follows by osmosis. The resulting increase in pressure creates a flow, which moves water and sugar to a sink.
166
Q

cellular respiration

A

The mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell is the site of

Biology - 1010 (1 decks)

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