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Criminology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of crime

A

An act that violates the law and is punishable in law. Must have 2 elements: An actus reus and a means rea

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2
Q

what does actus reus mean

A

the guilty act

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3
Q

What does means rea mean

A

the guilty mind

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4
Q

What is deviance

A

Deviance is something that goes against the unwritten rules we have in society

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5
Q

What is an example of a act that is criminal and deviant .

A

Assault, murder, Grievous bodily harm, etc.

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6
Q

What is an act that is not criminal but deviant

A

not holding the door open for somebody, pushing in a queue, etc

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7
Q

What are the 3 Biological genetic theories

A

Jacobs XYY, Twin studies, Adoption studies

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8
Q

How many more times likely are men with an extra ‘Y’ chromosome

A

10

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9
Q

What crimes where XYY males actually more likely to commit

A

Non-violent crimes

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10
Q

How many newborns have the extra ‘Y’ chromosome

A

1 in every 1000

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11
Q

What are limitations of Jacobs XYY

A
  1. ) Cannot categorise all crime - most also take physiological, Environment and social factors.
  2. ) Thielgard(1984) - Compared XYY and XY men and found aggression not linked to XYY.
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12
Q

In twin studies, what is Dizygotic (DZ)

A

when 2 eggs share half of the genetic material

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13
Q

In twin studies, what is Monozygotic (MZ)

A

When 1 egg shares all genetic material

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14
Q

What was Lange’s study

A

On 30 pairs of twins who were same sex. 17 were DZ and 13 were MZ. At least one of each pair was known to be criminal.

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15
Q

What were the results of Lange’s study

A

Lange found that 10/13 MZ twins were criminal compared to 2 out of the 13 DZ pairs

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16
Q

Limitations of Twin studies

A
  1. ) Different to separate the influence of genetics of social factors
  2. ) Small sample size
  3. ) Criminality could be down to nurture
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17
Q

What are 4 Physiological, Biological theories

A

Sheldon, Lombroso, Phineas Gage, Serotonin

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18
Q

What was the main point of Sheldon’s theory

A

Criminal behaviour links to a persons physical form.

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of body shapes Sheldon used

A

Endomorphic, Ectomorphic and Mesomorphic

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20
Q

What is Endomorphic

A

Fat and soft physical frame

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21
Q

What is Ectomorphic

A

Thin and fragile frame

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22
Q

What is Mesomorphic

A

Muscular and hard frame

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23
Q

What body type did Sheldon discover was the most likely to commit crime

A

Mesomorphic

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24
Q

What type of body type did Sheldon discover was the least likely to commit crime

A

Ectomorphic

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25
Q

Limitations of Sheldon Theory

A
  1. ) Body type not fixed
  2. ) Do mesomorphs get targeted
  3. ) Other body types can be criminal
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26
Q

What did Lombroso believe

A

Believed people with atavistic features such as long arms, Large jaws, extra fingers and monobrows - Were more likely to be criminal.

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27
Q

What was Lombroso’s study

A

He compared the physical characteristics of Italian prisoners to Italian solders.

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28
Q

What did Lombroso conclude from his study

A

That the prisoners were physically different.

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29
Q

How many atavistic features did a man need to have to be seen as criminal according to Lombroso

A

5 or more

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30
Q

How many atavistic features did a woman need to have to be seen as a criminal according to Lombroso

A

As few as 3

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31
Q

Limitations of Lombroso’s theory

A
  1. ) Far too simplistic
  2. ) Many more factors that can cause crime then just genetics, such as wealth, diet, health, etc.
  3. ) Scientifically racist - Atavistic features - Delisi study 2012.
32
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

When people are labelled they start living up to that label.

33
Q

Psyche

A

A word used by Sigmund Freud to describe a persons personality

34
Q

Deviancy Amplification

A

Usually performed by the media, in which the extent of and seriousness of criminal behaviour is exaggerated, creating greater awareness and interest in deviance.

35
Q

What are the 3 parts of the psyche

A

Id, ego, superego

36
Q

What types of superegos are there

A

weak, deviant and strong

37
Q

How might a weak superego cause someone to commit crime

A

As they haven’t had the upbringing to learn to make the right choices

38
Q

How might a deviant superego cause someone to commit a crime

A

Don’t know it’s wrong, same sex parent does it so they do aswell

39
Q

How might a strong superego cause someone to commit a crime

A

Need to punish themselves, do bad things to get punished.

40
Q

What is the reality principle

A

Teaches right from wrong - Taking something that’s not theirs.

41
Q

What happens when people don’t make the transition from pleasure principle to reality principle

A

They commit crimes

42
Q

What are the limitations of Sigmund Freuds theory

A
  1. ) Psychodynamic theories no longer credited by psychologists due to difficulty of testing concepts such as unconscious mind.
  2. ) Unscientific and lacks objectivity
  3. ) Lack of quantative data
  4. ) He knew his patents-subjectivity
43
Q

What was Bowlby’s study

A

‘44 thieves’ - He reported that 39% of a group of 44 young criminals has experienced distribution to their attachments with their mother compared to only 5% of a non-criminal group.

44
Q

What did Bowlby say could result in ‘affectionless psychopathy’

A

If the person did not form a close, warm and continuous relationships with mother in the first few years - this relationship with the mother acts as a example for all future relationships.

45
Q

What did Bowlby say ‘Maternal Deprivation’ was related to

A

later criminal behaviour

46
Q

Limitations of Bowlby’s Theory

A
  1. ) This research has been criticised for unrepresentative sampling (group too small.)
  2. ) He is now regarded to have overestimated the impact of early life experiences on later criminal offences
  3. ) These theories only explain behaviour after it has happened, making it unscientific.
47
Q

What did Megargee document in 1966

A

A series of cases of violence carried out by people who were regarded as passive and harmless. e.g. 11 year old boy who stabbed his brother 34 times with a steak knife - described as polite and softly spoken.

48
Q

What did Blackburn find in 1971 that would support Megargee’s theory

A

Found that people convinced of extremely violent assaults tended to have fewer previous convictions and scored lower on measures of aggression than those convicted of moderately violent assaults

49
Q

What did Megaegee argue

A

That a small group of violent offenders whose shared characteristics is an inability to express their anger in normal ways - who eventually explode and release their anger all at once

50
Q

Limitations of megargee’s theory

A
  1. ) Does not separate whether such offenders do not experience anger normally or weather they experience it but do not express it
  2. ) Subjective
  3. ) Only explain behaviour after it has happened-unscientific.
51
Q

who did Bandura test

A

36 boys and 36 girls from a nursery aged between 3-6.

52
Q

How many children saw an aggressive model

A

24

53
Q

What was the pattern shown in the results of Banduras study

A

children who watched the aggressive model were more likely to be aggressive towards the bobo doll.

54
Q

limitations and criticisms of Banduras theory

A
  1. ) Cumberbatch (1990) found that children who had not played with a bobo doll before were five times as likely to intimidate the aggressive behaviour than those who ere familiar with it.
  2. ) experiment may be seen as unethical - children may have suffered long term consequences as a result of the study.
  3. ) demonstrations measured almost immediately, with such snap shots studies, we cannot discover if such as single exposure can have long term effects.
55
Q

What does Anomie mean

A

Chaos, Breakdown of society if no crime

56
Q

What do Marxist believe

A

Ideology in society suits the powerful .

57
Q

What are Marxist views on capitalism

A

they use it to control the powerless working class.

58
Q

What was the phrase sociologist Box said and what does it mean

A

‘Avoidable killings’ - When a company takes shortcuts on employee health and wellbeing, for example, which could lead to a death which could have been avoidable if the shortcuts to save money were no taken. Also says how tat these ‘avoidable killings’ are not treated as seriously as murder.

59
Q

What does alienation mean in terms of Marxism

A

Used by Marxists to describe a sense of powerlessness felt by the working class through exploitation at work and capitalism. - This can drive people to criminality

60
Q

What did sociologist Bonger say

A

Link between crime and economic conditions. Crime is caused by poverty, poor living conditions and scarcity of resources.

61
Q

Limitations and criticisms of Marxism

A
  1. ) Focus too much on working class when there are many other factors which influence whether someone commits crime or not.
  2. ) Seen as very extreme and far-fetched.
  3. ) Not all capitalist societies have high crime rates - Japan.
  4. ) There are laws that protect law.
62
Q

Informal policy making

A

refers to policy making at a community level. It is dependent on social tiles and a value consensus.

63
Q

Crime control policies

A

refers to the law, regulations and other governmental actions that are designed to reduce criminal acts.

64
Q

State punishment policies

A

refers to punishment put in place by the government which takes place after a crime is committed as a punishment.

65
Q

Biological crime control policies

A

Eugenics’, death penalty, neurochemicals

66
Q

Sociological crime control policies

A

Penal population, Prison, CCTV, Restorative justice, Zero tolerance, Multi agency approach.

67
Q

Individualistic crime control policies

A

Psychoanalysis and Behaviour modification

68
Q

Pros and cons of using social media as a way of campaigning

A

Pros - easy, large numbers of people.

Cons - Limited market (elderly)

69
Q

Pros and cons of using Hit songs as a way of campaigning

A

pros - gains attention, wide audience

Cons - People may have a dislike for singer

70
Q

Pros and cons of using merchandise as a way of campaigning

A

pros - profitable, far-reaching.

cons - time consuming

71
Q

Pros and cons of using Blogs as a way of campaigning

A

pros - easy to create, far reaching

cons - Have to control control comments

72
Q

Pros and cons of using marching as a way of campaigning

A

pros - cost effective, large numbers.

cons - can turn militant

73
Q

Pros and cons of using Lobbying as a way of campaigning

A

pros - Action at the heart of parliament, impact law making

cons - time consuming

74
Q

Pros and cons of using Petition as a way of campaigning

A

pros - cost effective, promoted through social media

cons - people feel obliged to sign

75
Q

What was the tobacco advertising and promotion act of 2002

A

comprehensively banned

Criminology (1 decks)

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