Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of crime
A
An act that violates the law and is punishable in law. Must have 2 elements: An actus reus and a means rea
2
Q
what does actus reus mean
A
the guilty act
3
Q
What does means rea mean
A
the guilty mind
4
Q
What is deviance
A
Deviance is something that goes against the unwritten rules we have in society
5
Q
What is an example of a act that is criminal and deviant .
A
Assault, murder, Grievous bodily harm, etc.
6
Q
What is an act that is not criminal but deviant
A
not holding the door open for somebody, pushing in a queue, etc
7
Q
What are the 3 Biological genetic theories
A
Jacobs XYY, Twin studies, Adoption studies
8
Q
How many more times likely are men with an extra ‘Y’ chromosome
A
10
9
Q
What crimes where XYY males actually more likely to commit
A
Non-violent crimes
10
Q
How many newborns have the extra ‘Y’ chromosome
A
1 in every 1000
11
Q
What are limitations of Jacobs XYY
A
- ) Cannot categorise all crime - most also take physiological, Environment and social factors.
- ) Thielgard(1984) - Compared XYY and XY men and found aggression not linked to XYY.
12
Q
In twin studies, what is Dizygotic (DZ)
A
when 2 eggs share half of the genetic material
13
Q
In twin studies, what is Monozygotic (MZ)
A
When 1 egg shares all genetic material
14
Q
What was Lange’s study
A
On 30 pairs of twins who were same sex. 17 were DZ and 13 were MZ. At least one of each pair was known to be criminal.
15
Q
What were the results of Lange’s study
A
Lange found that 10/13 MZ twins were criminal compared to 2 out of the 13 DZ pairs
16
Q
Limitations of Twin studies
A
- ) Different to separate the influence of genetics of social factors
- ) Small sample size
- ) Criminality could be down to nurture
17
Q
What are 4 Physiological, Biological theories
A
Sheldon, Lombroso, Phineas Gage, Serotonin
18
Q
What was the main point of Sheldon’s theory
A
Criminal behaviour links to a persons physical form.
19
Q
What are the 3 types of body shapes Sheldon used
A
Endomorphic, Ectomorphic and Mesomorphic
20
Q
What is Endomorphic
A
Fat and soft physical frame
21
Q
What is Ectomorphic
A
Thin and fragile frame
22
Q
What is Mesomorphic
A
Muscular and hard frame
23
Q
What body type did Sheldon discover was the most likely to commit crime
A
Mesomorphic
24
Q
What type of body type did Sheldon discover was the least likely to commit crime
A
Ectomorphic
25
Limitations of Sheldon Theory
1. ) Body type not fixed
2. ) Do mesomorphs get targeted
3. ) Other body types can be criminal
26
What did Lombroso believe
Believed people with atavistic features such as long arms, Large jaws, extra fingers and monobrows - Were more likely to be criminal.
27
What was Lombroso's study
He compared the physical characteristics of Italian prisoners to Italian solders.
28
What did Lombroso conclude from his study
That the prisoners were physically different.
29
How many atavistic features did a man need to have to be seen as criminal according to Lombroso
5 or more
30
How many atavistic features did a woman need to have to be seen as a criminal according to Lombroso
As few as 3
31
Limitations of Lombroso's theory
1. ) Far too simplistic
2. ) Many more factors that can cause crime then just genetics, such as wealth, diet, health, etc.
3. ) Scientifically racist - Atavistic features - Delisi study 2012.
32
Self fulfilling prophecy
When people are labelled they start living up to that label.
33
Psyche
A word used by Sigmund Freud to describe a persons personality
34
Deviancy Amplification
Usually performed by the media, in which the extent of and seriousness of criminal behaviour is exaggerated, creating greater awareness and interest in deviance.
35
What are the 3 parts of the psyche
Id, ego, superego
36
What types of superegos are there
weak, deviant and strong
37
How might a weak superego cause someone to commit crime
As they haven't had the upbringing to learn to make the right choices
38
How might a deviant superego cause someone to commit a crime
Don't know it's wrong, same sex parent does it so they do aswell
39
How might a strong superego cause someone to commit a crime
Need to punish themselves, do bad things to get punished.
40
What is the reality principle
Teaches right from wrong - Taking something that's not theirs.
41
What happens when people don't make the transition from pleasure principle to reality principle
They commit crimes
42
What are the limitations of Sigmund Freuds theory
1. ) Psychodynamic theories no longer credited by psychologists due to difficulty of testing concepts such as unconscious mind.
2. ) Unscientific and lacks objectivity
3. ) Lack of quantative data
4. ) He knew his patents-subjectivity
43
What was Bowlby's study
'44 thieves' - He reported that 39% of a group of 44 young criminals has experienced distribution to their attachments with their mother compared to only 5% of a non-criminal group.
44
What did Bowlby say could result in 'affectionless psychopathy'
If the person did not form a close, warm and continuous relationships with mother in the first few years - this relationship with the mother acts as a example for all future relationships.
45
What did Bowlby say 'Maternal Deprivation' was related to
later criminal behaviour
46
Limitations of Bowlby's Theory
1. ) This research has been criticised for unrepresentative sampling (group too small.)
2. ) He is now regarded to have overestimated the impact of early life experiences on later criminal offences
3. ) These theories only explain behaviour after it has happened, making it unscientific.
47
What did Megargee document in 1966
A series of cases of violence carried out by people who were regarded as passive and harmless. e.g. 11 year old boy who stabbed his brother 34 times with a steak knife - described as polite and softly spoken.
48
What did Blackburn find in 1971 that would support Megargee's theory
Found that people convinced of extremely violent assaults tended to have fewer previous convictions and scored lower on measures of aggression than those convicted of moderately violent assaults
49
What did Megaegee argue
That a small group of violent offenders whose shared characteristics is an inability to express their anger in normal ways - who eventually explode and release their anger all at once
50
Limitations of megargee's theory
1. ) Does not separate whether such offenders do not experience anger normally or weather they experience it but do not express it
2. ) Subjective
3. ) Only explain behaviour after it has happened-unscientific.
51
who did Bandura test
36 boys and 36 girls from a nursery aged between 3-6.
52
How many children saw an aggressive model
24
53
What was the pattern shown in the results of Banduras study
children who watched the aggressive model were more likely to be aggressive towards the bobo doll.
54
limitations and criticisms of Banduras theory
1. ) Cumberbatch (1990) found that children who had not played with a bobo doll before were five times as likely to intimidate the aggressive behaviour than those who ere familiar with it.
2. ) experiment may be seen as unethical - children may have suffered long term consequences as a result of the study.
3. ) demonstrations measured almost immediately, with such snap shots studies, we cannot discover if such as single exposure can have long term effects.
55
What does Anomie mean
Chaos, Breakdown of society if no crime
56
What do Marxist believe
Ideology in society suits the powerful .
57
What are Marxist views on capitalism
they use it to control the powerless working class.
58
What was the phrase sociologist Box said and what does it mean
'Avoidable killings' - When a company takes shortcuts on employee health and wellbeing, for example, which could lead to a death which could have been avoidable if the shortcuts to save money were no taken. Also says how tat these 'avoidable killings' are not treated as seriously as murder.
59
What does alienation mean in terms of Marxism
Used by Marxists to describe a sense of powerlessness felt by the working class through exploitation at work and capitalism. - This can drive people to criminality
60
What did sociologist Bonger say
Link between crime and economic conditions. Crime is caused by poverty, poor living conditions and scarcity of resources.
61
Limitations and criticisms of Marxism
1. ) Focus too much on working class when there are many other factors which influence whether someone commits crime or not.
2. ) Seen as very extreme and far-fetched.
3. ) Not all capitalist societies have high crime rates - Japan.
4. ) There are laws that protect law.
62
Informal policy making
refers to policy making at a community level. It is dependent on social tiles and a value consensus.
63
Crime control policies
refers to the law, regulations and other governmental actions that are designed to reduce criminal acts.
64
State punishment policies
refers to punishment put in place by the government which takes place after a crime is committed as a punishment.
65
Biological crime control policies
Eugenics', death penalty, neurochemicals
66
Sociological crime control policies
Penal population, Prison, CCTV, Restorative justice, Zero tolerance, Multi agency approach.
67
Individualistic crime control policies
Psychoanalysis and Behaviour modification
68
Pros and cons of using social media as a way of campaigning
Pros - easy, large numbers of people.
| Cons - Limited market (elderly)
69
Pros and cons of using Hit songs as a way of campaigning
pros - gains attention, wide audience
| Cons - People may have a dislike for singer
70
Pros and cons of using merchandise as a way of campaigning
pros - profitable, far-reaching.
| cons - time consuming
71
Pros and cons of using Blogs as a way of campaigning
pros - easy to create, far reaching
| cons - Have to control control comments
72
Pros and cons of using marching as a way of campaigning
pros - cost effective, large numbers.
| cons - can turn militant
73
Pros and cons of using Lobbying as a way of campaigning
pros - Action at the heart of parliament, impact law making
| cons - time consuming
74
Pros and cons of using Petition as a way of campaigning
pros - cost effective, promoted through social media
| cons - people feel obliged to sign
75
What was the tobacco advertising and promotion act of 2002
comprehensively banned
