- a concentrated source of energy - essential for the transport and storage of fat-soluble vitamins in the body

Unit 2 Flashcards by Aryia Gam

The negatively-charged ball-like structures…

repel each other and the oil or grease is kept suspended in the water

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free radicals are…

atoms or molecules that are highly reactive due to the presence of unpaired electrons

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the negatively charged hydrophilic heads…

remain in the surrounding water

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the solubility, boiling point and volatility of a compound can be predicted by considering…

O-H or N-H bonds, which implies hydrogen bonding
molecular size which would affect london dispersion forces
polarity of solute and solvents

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Edible fats and edible oils are…

esters from the condensation of glycerol and three carboxylic acid molecules

the carboxylic acids are known as ‘fatty acids’

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carboxylic acids can react with…

bases

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proteins are the major…

structural materials of animal tissue and are also involved in the maintenance and regulation of life processes. Enzymes are proteins which act as BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

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Amino acids are…

relatively small molecules which all contain an amino group -NH2 and -COOH

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The link which forms between two amino acids is known as a…

peptide link/amide link

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Essential amino acids are…

amino acids that our body cannot make. It is essential that these amino acids are present in our diet

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when proteins are heated…

The intermolecular bonds are broken which changes shape of the protein (denature)

PS. it causes texture in food to change when cooked

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oxidation is an…

increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio

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Reduction is an…

decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio

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fats and oils are…

a concentrated source of energy

- essential for the transport and storage of fat-soluble vitamins in the body

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the equation for the breakdown of an ester by water is…

Ester + Water <=> alcohol + carboxylic acid

a “reversible reaction”

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An ester link is…

-COO-

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When soap is used in hard water…

scum, an insoluble precipitate is formed

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hydrolysis produces…

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

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an emulsion contains…

small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another liquid

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hot copper oxide or acidified dichromate solution can be used to oxidise…

primary alcohols to aldehydes then to carboxylic acid

- secondary alcohols to ketones

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in a hydrolysis reaction…

a molecule reacts with water to break down into smaller molecules

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alcohols can be classified as…

primary/secondary and tertiary

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OH groups make alcohols…

polar and this allows hydrogen bonding to take place

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in a condensation reaction…

two molecules are joined together with the elimination of a small molecule

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esters are formed by...

a condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

esters are used as...

flavourings and fragrances. They are also used as solvents for non-polar compounds that do not dissolve in water

to determine whether a compound is unsaturated or saturated you can use...

bromine solution

compounds containing at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond are described as...

unsaturated

free radical scavengers are added to many products including...

- cosmetics - food products - plastics

an emulsifier can be used to prevent...

non-polar and polar liquids separating into layers

soaps are produced by the...

alkaline hydrolysis of edible fats

hard water is a term used to describe water containing...

high levels of dissolved metal ions

isomers are...

- compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula - may belong to different homologous series - usually have different physical properties

compounds containing only single carbon-carbon bonds are described as...

saturated

compounds containing double bonds can take part in...

an addition reaction

in an addition reaction...

two molecules combine to form a single molecule

free radical scavengers are...

molecules that react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent a chain reaction from occuring

terpenes are based on...

(C5H8)n, where n is the number of terpene units joined together

isoprene molecules can form...

linear or ring structures

what stage is this representing? H* (g) + Cl* (g) -> H - Cl (g) H* (g) + H* (g) -> H - H (g) Cl* (g) + Cl* (g) -> Cl - Cl (g)

Termination stage

what stage is this representing? H - H (g) + Cl* (g) -> H - Cl (g) + H* (g) H* (g) + Cl - Cl (g) -> H - Cl (g) + Cl* (g)

Propagation stage

free radical chain reactions include the following steps:

- initiation - propagation - termination

what stage is this representing? Cl - CL (g) -> Cl* (g) + Cl* (g)

Initiation stage

soaps can be used to...

remove non-polar substances such as oil and grease

the hydrophobic tail...

dissolve in the oil or grease

soap ions have...

- long hydrophobic nonpolar tails | - ionic heads that are water soluble (hydrophilic)

agitation causes...

ball-like structures to form

when UV light breaks bonds...

free radicals are formed

sun-block/sunscreen products prevent...

UV light reaching the skin

UV light can provide...

sufficient energy to break bonds within molecules. This causes sunburn and accelerates ageing of the skin

terpenes are the...

key components in most ESSENTIAL OILS

essential oils are...

widely used in perfumes, cosmetic products cleaning products and as flavouring in foods

essential oils are...

extracts of the volatile, non-water soluble aroma compounds from plants

antioxidants are...

- molecules that prevent unwanted oxidation reactions occuring - substances that are easily oxidised, and oxidise in place of the compounds they have been added to protect - can be identified as the substance being oxidised in a redox equation

with an aldehyde, orange acidified dichromate solution turns into what colour...

turns green

with an aldehyde, clear, colourless tollens' reagent...

forms a silver mirror

with an aldehyde, blue fehling's solution forms...

a red precipitate

a ketone functional group is...

C=O

The double bonds in fatty acid chains...

prevent oil molecules from packing closely together. The more double bonds present, the weaker the van der waals forces of attraction. I.e: the more unsaturated it is, the lower the melting points

edible oils have...

lower melting points than edible fats

esters can be hydrolysed to produce an...

alcohol and CARBOXYLIC ACID

aldehyde functional group is...

CHO

tertiary alcohols cannot...

be oxidised using these oxidising agents

black copper (II) oxide forms a...

brown solid, and orange dichromate turns green

ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a...

high energy form of light, present in sunlight