Unit 1B Flashcards
Define the term Nature
Refers to genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
Define the term Nurture
Refers to the influence of external factors after conception, such as social and environmental factors.
Examples of Nature
Examples are eye colour, hair colour, skin pigment and hair texture.
Examples of Nurture
Examples are height, weight, life expectancy, and vulnerability to certain diseases.
Define Maturation
A genetically programmed sequence of change.
Define Milestones
Developmental norms/milestones are a description of an average set of expectations with respect to a young child’s development.
What was Gessel’s conclusion on his Theory of Maturation?
Development is predetermined and environment has little influence.
How did Gesell conduct his study?
He created a new technique called the normative approach. This involved observing large numbers of children and identifying key abilities at different ages.
How did Gesell develop his theory?
He identified different abilities and skills at different ages and the order they were developed in.
What was Gesell’s theory centered around?
Maturation
What were some Critics of Gessels Theory
- Fails to account for individual differences.
- Fails to account for cultural differences.
- Is not helpful for children with learning difficulties.
Define Positive reinforcement
The behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction(intrinsic) or rewards (external reinforcement).
Define Negative reinforcement
The behaviour is not repeated to avoid an adverse experience such as lack of satisfaction or being told off.
What is Bandura’s theory based on?
His theory is based on his observations of learning occurring through observing the behavior of others.
What are the Four Stages of Behavioural Learning?
- The child notices the behaviour of another person (this is likely to be someone close to them that they admire)
- The child internalises the action by remembering what they have observed.
- The child reproduces the behaviour when the opportunity occurs. (This might not be straight away. )
- Depending on the outcome the child will either repeat the behaviour or desist.
