Unit 1a - Further Anatomy

Question 1

Features of the Skin System

Answer 1

Epidermis (top layer) - makes new skin cells, gives colour, protects body
Dermis (thick middle) - makes sweat and oil, brings blood to skin via blood vessels
Fat (Subcutaneous tissue) - attaches dermis to muscle, controls body temp., protects from bumps and falls
Glands - Eccrine (sweat), Sebaceous (oily sebum), Apocrine (sweat through hair follicles)

Question 2

Functions of the Skin System

Answer 2

Regulation - body temp. via release of sweat and hair, changes in peripheral circulation and fluid balance via sweat
Protection - from mech. impacts and pressure, temp, acts as barrier from microorganisms, radiation and chemicals
Sensation - nerve cells detect and relay changes in the envir., receptors for heat, cold, touch and pain
Vitamin D Synthesis - epidermal layer of skin synthesizes vitamin D, UV radiation
Excretion - glands excrete waste products through pores via sweat, epidermal layers

Question 3

Describe the principal source of energy for brain cells.

Answer 3

-glucose and oxygen
-used to make ATP by aerobic respiration
-glucose is furl for energy, brain is completely dependent on it
-if lacking, neurotransmitters are not synthesized and communication between neurons breaks down
-Blood sugar is amount of glucose in blood, hyperglycemia (too low), hypo” (too high)

Question 4

Outline Blood Supply to the Brain

Answer 4

• Food and oxygen are carried to the brain through blood vessels
• Arteries: vertebral , internal carotid
• R + L vertebral arteries form single basilar artery at base of brain. Join blood supply at internal carotid arteries called Circle of Willis

Question 5

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Answer 5

-structural and functional roadblock to microorganisms in bloodstream
-endothelial cells fit tightly together
- astrocytes layer around, cellular link to neurons
-areas where BBB is weak so can substances can cross free-er are called circumventricular organs (pineal body, area postrema…)

Question 6

Functions of Brain Stem

Answer 6

Flow of messages between the brain and body, basic bodily functions (breathing, heart rate)

Question 7

Functions of Cerebellum

Answer 7

Skeletal muscle contractions, posture and balance, skilled motor activities

Question 8

Functions of Diencephalon

Answer 8

Hypothalamus
-endocrine via pituitary gland
- blood pressure
- heart rate
- appetite
Thalamus
-relaying sensory and motor signals
-consciousness +alertness
Epithalamus
- connection with limbic system
- secretion of melatonin (pineal gland)

Question 9

Function of Cerebrum

Answer 9

Higher level functions (thinking, language, emotions)

Question 10

Functions of frontal lobe

Answer 10

reasoning, planning, speech + movement, language, decision making

Question 11

Functions of Parietal Lobe

Answer 11

movement, navigation, speech, sensations processed

Question 12

Functions of Temporal Lobe

Answer 12

auditory processing, long term visual memory

Question 13

Functions of Occipital Lobe

Answer 13

Processing visual info from eyes