Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 12 > Unit 12: Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit 12: Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Testes and scrotum

A

Male gonad

  • Produce sperm
  • Found in a sac called scrotum, which suspends the testes outside of the body. The scrotum can bring the testes closer or farther away from the body to regulate the temperature.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Testes are composed of compartments, in which contains sets of 3 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules. These are sites of spermatogenesis, the production of sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Cells found between the seminiferous tubules. Secretes testosterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Epididymis

A

Tightly coiled duct lying just outside each testis.

-Stores sperm as they mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ductus vas deferens

A

Long tube that starts from the epididymis, pass through the abdominal cavity, curves around the bladder and leads into an ejaculatory duct.

  • Stores sperm
  • Conducts sperm from the testes to the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that the ejaculatory duct leads into

-Conducts sperm out of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Prostate gland

A

A single doughnut shaped gland that surround the upper portion of the urethra just below the bladder
-Contributes basic fluid to seminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Pair of pea-sized organs that lie below the prostate gland

-Contributes mucoid fluid to seminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Lies at the base of the bladder, each has a duct that joins with a vas deferens
-Contributes nutrients and fluid to seminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sperm structure

A
  • Head: contains the nucleus, with 23 chromosomes.
  • Acrosome: a cap covering the head; contains hydrolytic enzymes so that sperm may penetrate the egg
  • Midpiece: contains mitochondria to produce energy for the movement of the tail
  • Tail: structure of a flagella, provides mobility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Seminal fluid function

A
  • Slightly basic pH to counteract the acid environment in the vagina. Sperm are more viable in a basic environment
  • Contains fructose to provide energy for the sperm to swim
  • Contains prostaglandins to cause the uterus to contract; this helps propel the sperm towards the egg
  • Contains mucous which provides a protective medium for the sperm and lubrication during sexual intercourse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Testosterone function

A
  • Essential for development of primary sex organs
  • Essential for development of sperm
  • During puberty, brings about and maintains male sex characteristics (deeper voice, prominent Adam’s apple, broader shoulders, maturation of penis/testes, aggression, muscular strength)
  • Cause development of noticeable facial, armpit, chest, and pubic hair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Hormone released by the hypothalamus

Causes the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Promotes spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules

Promotes the development of a follicle in the ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Promotes production of testosterone in the interstitial cells.
Promotes the development of the corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hormonal regulation of testosterone

A
  • Testosterone levels are regulated by negative feedback mechanism:
    i) Increased testosterone levels in blood -> less LH -> less testosterone
    ii) Decreased testosterone levels -> more LH -> more testosterone
17
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gonad

  • Pair of grape-like organs, with each ovary lying on either side of the upper pelvic cavity
  • Each alternate to produce one egg per month
  • Produce reproductive hormones
18
Q

Follicles

A

Small sacs of fluid found on the outside layer of the ovaries
-Each contains an immature egg, called an oocyte

19
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Glandlike structure developed from a follicle that has lost its oocyte through ovulation
-Produces sex hormones

20
Q

Oviduct

A

Two-arm like organ that extends from the uterus to the ovaries

  • Site of fertilization (sperm fusing with egg)
  • Conducts the fertilized egg towards the uterus
21
Q

Uterus

A

Thick-walled, muscular organ lying and tipping over the urinary bladder

  • Site of implantation (embryo embeds itself in the uterus wall)
  • Site of the development of the embryo
22
Q

Cervix

A

Narrow end of uterus leading to the vagina

-Dilates at birth to allow the passage of the baby from the uterus into the vagina

23
Q

Vagina

A

Tube that lies at a 45-degree angle from the cervix

  • Female organ of sexual intercourse; receives the penis
  • Serves as a birth canal, as well as an exit for menstrual flow
24
Q

Vulva

A
  1. Vulva: The external female genital organ
    Consists of:
    i) Labia majora: Two large, hair-covered protective folds of skin
    ii) Labia minora: Two small, protective folds of skin lying just inside the labia majora
    iii) Clitoris: Female organ of sexual arousal; comparable to the male penis, contains a shaft of erectile tissue that swells with blood during sexual stimulation
25
Q

Ovarian cycle: Follicular phase

A

Days 1-13

  1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH
  2. GnRH stimulates the secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary
  3. FSH promotes the development of a follicle in the ovary
  4. Developing follicle starts to secrete estrogen
  5. Oogenesis (meiosis) occurs, resulting in the oocyte dividing into a secondary oocyte and a polar body
  6. The chromosome count goes from 46 -> 23 – this is the egg
  7. The follicle matures – known as the vesicular follicle
26
Q

Ovarian cycle: Ovulation

A

Day 14

  1. Surge in estrogen levels triggers an LH spike
  2. LH spike causes the vesicular follicle to burst and the egg to be released -> ovulation
  3. Increasing estrogen levels exert negative feedback to the hypothalamus/anterior gland so that FSH levels decrease and the follicular phase ends
27
Q

Ovarian cycle: Luteal phase

A
  1. LH is secreted by the anterior pituitary, in the same way as the FSH
  2. LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum
  3. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
  4. Increasing progesterone levels exert negative feedback so that LH levels decrease and the luteal phase ends.
  5. i) No fertilization: Corpus luteum will degenerate
    ii) If fertilization/implantation occur: Corpus luteum continue to secrete hormones for 3-4 months, until the placenta can take over
28
Q

Ovarian cycle vs the Uterine cycle

A

Ovarian: The development of follicle, ovulation, and corpus luteum
Uterine: Changes in the endometrium – the lining of the uterus, due to the hormones secreted by the ovary during the ovarian cycle.

29
Q

Uterine cycle: Menstruation

A

Days 1-5

  • Low levels of all female sex hormones, the corpus luteum has just been degenerated
  • Causes the endometrium to disintegrate and its blood vessels to rupture
  • Blood and disintegrated tissue, known as the menses, passes out of the vagina
30
Q

Uterine cycle: Proliferative phase

A

Days 6-13

  • A new developing follicle secretes estrogen
  • Increasing levels of estrogen cause the endometrium to thicken, and become more vascular/glandular
31
Q

Uterine cycle: Secretory phase

A

Days 14-28

  • Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
  • Increasing levels of progesterone cause the endometrium to double/triple in thickness
  • The endometrium becomes highly vascularized, and the uterine glands mature
  • The uterus is now ready for implantation of the embryo
32
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropic hormone (HCG)

A

Produced by the placenta, after implantation
Prevents the breakdown of the corpus luteum, which maintains the production of progesterone that keeps the endometrium from breaking down.

33
Q

Estrogen/Progesterone function

A

Main female sex hormones
Estrogen: Development of the sex organs, responsible for body hair development, fat distribution beneath the skin, etc during puberty.
Both are responsible for breast development

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions