UNIT 1.2 Flashcards
It is the branch of statistic that involves methods of organizing, summarizing and presenting data
Descriptive Statistics
Determine the branch of Statistics
Parametric and Non-parametric tests
Inferential Statistics
Determine the branch of Statistics
Percentage and Measures of Central Tendency
Descriptive Statistics
It is the branch of statistic that involves methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the population
Inferential Statistics
Determine the branch of Statistics
Counts, proportions, table, graphs, summary measures
Descriptive Statistics
Determine the branch of Statistics
For summarizing and presenting data in a form that will make them easier to analyze and interpret
Descriptive Statistics
Determine the branch of Statistics
For making estimates, predictions, generalizations and conclusions about a target population based on a sample
Inferential Statistics
Estimation or Hypothesis
Estimating the prevalence of leptospirosis in the Philippines
Estimation
Estimation or Hypothesis
Testing the efficacy of a new drug in reducing the cholesterol levels
Hypothesis Testing
Descriptive or Inferential
What are the highest and lowest scores obtained by students in the online test?
Descriptive
Descriptive or Inferential
Are people who receive an experimental medication less likely to have symptoms of the disease than people who receive the standard medication?
Inferential
Descriptive or Inferential
Are women who are sedentary during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy more likely to have a C-section than women who exercise regularly during the 3rd trimester?
Inferential
Descriptive or Inferential
What is the average length of stay in a hospital after being admitted for an asthma attack?
Descriptive
Two types of variables
Quantitative, Qualitative
Type of Qualitative Variables
Dichotomous
Trichotomous
Multinomous
Type of Quantitative Variables
Discrete
Continuous
Differentiate Qualitative and Quantitative
Qualitative - used as labels
Quantiative - for quantity or amount
Numerical representation of the categories are for labeling/coding and not for comparison (greater or less
Qualitative
Variables whose categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group from another
Qualitative
Values indicate a quantity or amount and can be expressed numerically
Quantitative
Values can be arranged according to magnitude
Quantitative
Examples of Qualitative Variables
Religion, place of residence, disease status
Examples of Quantitative Variables
Age, Height, Weight, Blood Pressure
Variables that can assume only integral values or whole numbers
Discrete
Variables that can attain any value including fractions or decimals
Continuous
Discrete or Continuous
Height
Continuous
Discrete or Continuous
Number of children in the family
Discrete
Discrete or Continuous
Number of beds in the hospital
Discrete
Discrete or Continuous
Weight
Continuous
T/F Choice of numeric or graphic descriptive statistics is independent on type of distribution of data.
False
Type of means and standard deviations may be used
Continuous
Type of percentages of people for each value may be considered
Discrete
T/F Descriptive material can be numeric or graphic
True
Nature of Statistical Data
Expressed numerically
Treated as a mass or group of observations
Subject to variation
T/F Data obtained from the study can be summarized using descriptive statistics
True
The tendency of a measurable characteristic to change
Phenomenon of Variation
T/F Variation can be within individual or setting at the same period of time
False
T/F Variation is from one individual or setting to another
True
4 levels of measurement
Quantitative : Ratio, Interval
Qualitative : Ordinal, Nominal
Level of measurement where categories are used as labels only
Nominal
Number or names which represent a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive classes
Nominal
Level of measurement where categories can be ordered or ranked
Ordinal
Nominal or Ordinal
Age groups
Ordinal
Nominal or Ordinal
Sex
Nominal
Nominal or Ordinal
Psych diagnosis
Nominal
Nominal or Ordinal
Likert scale
Ordinal
T/F The distance between two categories in ordinal measurements can be clearly quantified.
False
Level of measurement where distances between all adjacent classes are equal
Interval
Level of measurement where scales are infinite
Interval
Level of measurement where a meaningful zero point exists
Ratio
Ratio or Interval
Temperature
Interval
Ratio or Interval
Blood Pressure
Ratio
Ratio or Interval
Number of DMF Teeth
Ratio
Ratio or Interval
IQ
Interval
Two types of Variable in a Cause and Effect Relationship
Dependent and Independent
Questions asked when finding the dependent variable
What is observed?
What is measured?
Questions asked when finding the independent variable
What is tested?
What is manipulated?
Difference of Dependent and Independent Variables
Dependent - something that might be affected by change of the independent
Independent - something that is changed by the scientist
Other names for independent variables
Explanatory variables
Predictor Variables
Right-hand-side Variables
Other names for dependent variables
Response variables
Outcome variables
Left-hand-side variables
What is controlled variable
Variable that is not changed, to allow fair test
Examples of controlled variable
Duration of experiment, experimental technique, species, sample volume
Nap Therapy : An approach to improve behavioral skills of children with Mild Autism
Identify the Independent and Dependent variable
Independent : Nap Therapy
Dependent : Behavioral Skills
Footbath : Improved Quality of Sleep Among Filipino Elderly
Identify the Independent and Dependent variable
Independent : Footbath
Dependent : Quality of Sleep
College students of different ages were given an online quiz. They were timed to see how long it took them to finish the quiz.
Identify the variables
Independent - quiz
Dependent - time
Controlled - college students
The temperature of water was measured at different depths of pond
Identify the variables
Independent -
Dependent -
Controlled -
Difference of Horizontal line and Vertical line
Horizontal - basis of classification
Vertical - enumerative data
Simple to read and appeal to more people especially those who are not numerically inclined
Graphical Method
used to portray numerical measurements across categories of a qualitative variable or a discrete quantitative variable
Bar Graph
used to portray numerical measurements across categories of a qualitative variable or a discrete quantitative variable
Bar Graph
T/F Bars should be equal width and gaps should separate them to show discontinuities
True
Bar graph used for qualitative variable
Horizontal Bar Graph
Bar graph used for quantitative discrete variable
Vertical Bar Graph
Shows the percentage of the total number of observations falling into each categories
Pie Chart
Each bar is divided into smaller rectangles representing the parts
Component Bar Diagram
T/F Area of each smaller rectangle is not proportional to the relative contribution of the component to the whole
False
Alternative to the pie chart
Component Bar Diagram
Portrays trends over time which are trends of disease rates, mortality rates, % immunized, and annual family income
Line Graph
Presents frequency distribution of continuous quantitative variable
Histogram, Frequency Polygon
T/F In a histogram, class intervals are joined on the horizontal axis against its corresponding frequencies on the vertical axis.
True
Difference of frequency polygon and line graph
Frequency polygon - starts with 0
Line graph - starts on its true value
T/F In a frequency polygon, plots of the first and last class intervals are joined in the vertical axis
False, horizontal axis
Depicts not only the frequency but also the range, mode, median, and shape of distribution
Stem-and-leaf Plot
Useful for showing description of a large quantitative data including center, spread, shape, tail length and outliers
Box Plot
This can be presented in either horizontal or vertical
Box Plot
This can be presented in either horizontal or vertical
Box Plot
This can be presented in either horizontal or vertical
Box Plot
Presents relationship between two quantitative variables
Scatterplot
T/F In a scatterplot, widely scattered points indicate a relationship between x and y
False