Unit 1.1 Elements form compounds Flashcards
Define hydrophilic?
Molecules that are polar and attract water
Define hydrophobic?
Molecules that are non-polar and aren’t attracted to water
What are the 3 main organic molecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
What elements do the main organic molecules contain?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
How do organisms release energy in organic molecules?
Respiration
Process used to make giant molecules/macromolecules?
Polymerisation
What process used to break down large organic molecules?
Hydrolysis
All biochemical reactions in our bodies = ?
(what’s the word)
Metabolism
What are monomers?
Molecule that can bond with identical molecules to form polymers
What are polymers?
Long, chain-like molecules made from monomers
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
- Monosaccharide
- Disaccharide
- Polysaccharide
Definition of Monosaccharide and their examples?
‘single’ sugar:
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
Definition of Disaccharide and their examples?
(state their monomers too ¬.¬)
‘double’ sugar:
- Maltose = glucose + glucose
- Sucrose = glucose + fructose
- Lactose = glucose + galactose
Definition of Polysaccharide and their examples?
(has 4)
‘multiple’ sugars:
- Starch = Glucose
- Glycogen = Glucose
- Cellulose = Glucose
- Chitin = Glucosamine
Properties of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides?
Sweet, white and soluble
Properties of Polysaccharide?
Not sweet/soluble
But there are still the molecular versions of these monosaccharides, what are they?
(what a bummer)
- Triose - C3,H6,O3
- Pentose - C5,H10,O5
- Hexose - C6,H12,O6
Perhaps I’ll be able to remember or idk this partly chemistry so I like
What are the 2 types of glucoses?
(just to state, that is a monosaccharide ¬.¬)
Alpha glucose
&
Beta glucose
How to tell if it’s alpha or beta glucose?
(Also u gotta learn how to draw these ¬.¬)
Alpha = H above at the right side
Beta = OH above at the right side
What are structural isomers?
Same molecular formula, but atoms linked together in different sequences
eg.
Alpha & beta glucose
What type of reaction happens during the making of a disaccharide?
and… why….?
Condensation reaction cuz a ‘H2O’ is removed
Opposite of a condensation reaction?
(disaccharide)
Hydrolysis reaction (water added to break bonds)
How to tell what the glycosidic bonds are?
Based on the number of H2O molecules is bonded e.g.
Maltose from the side has H at top and OH at bottom,
When they bond the O is connected but like water removed,
it’s a 1,4 glycosidic bond
Hey hopefully i get that, look at page 8
What used to control all reactions?
Enzymes
What type of bond does maltose and sucrose have?
(disaccharide)
Bond = 1, 2 glycosidic bond
What type of bond does lactose have?
(disaccharide)
Bond = 1, 4 glycosidic bond
How are polysaccharides made?
Joining many monosaccharides in a polymerisation reaction by condensation
What are polysaccharides exactly?
Storage compounds
How are polysaccharides storage compounds?
(3 things)
- Compact
- Inert
- Insoluble
Additionally, readily hydrolyse back to glucose when needed for respiration
Starch polymer of ???
A polymer of alpha glucose
What the two components starch consists of?
Amylose
&
Amylopectin
How is amylose made?
(starch type shi)
Made by many condensation reactions between alpha glucose molecules
with 1,4 glycosidic bonds.
Description of amylose diagram?
(ofc u might possibly? need how to draw these)
Long, unbranched chain that then coils up
What type of bonds stabilise the amylose coil?
Hydrogen bonds
How is amylopectin made?
(same with amylose but….)
Many condensation reactions between alpha glucose molecules (1,4 glycosidic bonds)
BUT
chains are shorter, and branch out at sides cuz 1,6 glycosidic bonds
Description u can state for amylopectin diagram
(i mean don’t learn to draw, visualise it!)
- 1,4 glycosidic linkage by themselves
- 1,6 glycosidic linkage between the shits
- The ends = glucose molecules released from ends easily
What chemical reagent used to test for starch?
Iodine solution
How to tell if starch present using iodine solution?
Brown –> Black
Glycogen polymer of ??
a polymer of alpha glucose
Purpose of glycogen?
Main energy storage carbohydrate compound in mammals
How glycogen made
(same with amylopectin…. but….)
- Many alpha glucose molecules with 1,4 glycosidic bonds
- Branches where 1,6 glycosidic bonds are formed
The difference: - More branched than amylopectin = brush-like structure
Advantage of glycogen?
(shorter and more branched)
(2 things)
- More compact for energy storage
- More ends = readily hydrolysed to glucose
3 ways glycogen and amylose are similar?
- Both polymers
- Both made from alpha glucose
- Both 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Cellulose role and why?
Structural role - cuz it’s mechanically strong
What cellulose polymer of?
Beta glucose
How are 2 beta glucose molecules formed by 1,4 glycosidic bond?
(cellulose)
Every other beta glucose molecule rotated by 180°
Advantage of cell wall having several layers of fibres all running in different directions?
…. to increase strength….
is this rlly needed? whatever, the more u know D:
Starch vs Cellulose
(the differences, tho unsure how to say this uhhhhh, page 15? ,’:)
(gonna state 3 things)
Ahhh whatever, i’ll state some tho:
- Starch = coiled
Cellulose = uncoiled - Starch = alpha glucose
Cellulose = beta glucose - Starch = alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds (& 1,6 glycosidic bonds)
Cellulose = beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds (no 1,6 bonds)
What is a chitin?
A polysaccharide
Where chitin found?
Insects
Chitin similar to ? but…?
(it’s also a structural role)
- Cellulose but
- Has amino acids to form a mucopolysaccharide
What monomer does chitin use?
(diagram for it = pg 16)
Glucosamine
(-OH at bottom right swapped to NHCOCH3)
If chitin molecules similar to cellulose, what that mean for its diagram?
(3 things)
- Long
- Straight
- Parallel chains
Properties of chitin?
(3 things)
- Strong
- Light
- Water proof
Chitin strength achieved by?
(2 things bout its diagram, i hate how u cant add pictures boo as hell)
- Every other glucosamine rotated by 180°
- Hydrogen bonds formed between chains forming microfibrils
What elements do lipids contain?
(literally the main organic molecules ¬.¬)
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
3 things of lipids?
- Insoluble in water
- Soluble in certain organic solvents e.g. ethanol
- Hydrophobic
What are the 3 types of lipids?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
Triglycerides are commonly known as ???
Fats and oils
What are triglycerides made from?
(2 things)
- Glycerol
- 3 Fatty acids molecules
What about the fatty acids in triglycerides?
(3 things)
- COOH (carboxyl group)
- attached to hydrocarbon chain (16-18 c atoms)
- ^^ non polar = insoluble in water
Explain diagram of triglyceride?
Fatty acid joins glycerol by condensation reaction = releases 3 water molecules
It also has 3 ester bonds
How to know if got ester bond or not?
Bonding from H2O –> C-O-C ig
During hydrolysis of triglyceride, what happens to pH?
Decreases
What are the 3 types of triglycerides?
- Saturated fatty acid
- Unsaturated fatty acid (polyunsaturated)
- Monounsaturated fatty acid
High intake of saturated fat = what disease?
Coronary heart disease
Difference in saturated fatty acid?
Has no double bonds within long hydrocarbon chain
Difference in unsaturated fatty acid (polyunsaturated)?
(animal lipids)
3 things
- Double bonds within long hydrocarbon chain
- Contains max n° of hydrogen atoms
- Solid at room temperature (<– saturated fats)
Difference with monounsaturated fatty acid?
(plant lipids)
4 things gl mate o7
- Same as saturated fatty acid buuut
- One/more C=C double
- Results kinked chain not fully saturated with hydrogen atoms
- Liquid at room temperature (<– unsaturated fats)
Just state 3 roles of triglycerides
(ofc there’s more tho at page 19)
- Energy storage
- Thermal insulation (fat under skin)
- Source of vitamin D
Phospholipids made from?
(3 things)
Same as triglyceride but….
- Glycerol
- 2 fatty acids molecules
- 1 phosphate group ig?
Phosphate group is?
(hydro majiggy)
Polar (think back on that one booklet from linton)
Head of phosphate = ?
Hydrophilic
Tail of phosphate = ?
Hydrophobic
Define amphipathic?
Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
Who is amphipathic?
…. Phospholipids….
3 differences between triglycerides and phospholipids?
(fatty acids, ester bonds, phosphate?)
- Triglycerides = 3 fatty acids
Phospholipids = 2 fatty acids - Triglycerides = 3 ester bonds
Phospholipids = 2 ester bonds - Triglycerides = No phosphate group - no polar head
Phospholipids = Phosphate present - hydrophilic head
What is cholesterol made from?
and 2 more info…
4 carbon based rings
- Small molecule
- Not water soluble
What is the role of cholesterol?
- Regulates fluidity & strength of the cell membrane
Do u wanna state 3 other roles of cholesterol?
(ima say optional)
- Waterproofing skin
- Making vitamin D
- and bile
Excess cholesterol = ?
(Just state 2 diseases)
- Type II diabetes
- Stroke
State the 7 major classes of proteins….
(gl mah, large fry)
I can know the first 4 but not the last 3, so i’ll put a desc. for the last one ,’:D
- Enzymes
- Transport proteins
- Defensive “
- Signal “
- Storage “
- Contractile “
- Structural “ - Collagen (adds strength) makes up tendons, ligaments, bones and walls of arteries
What are the monomers that make protein?
Amino acids
What are the 4 elements that make up protein?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
If theres 20 different amino acids, what that mean?
Large variety of proteins
Why and how is excess amino acids removed?
- Can’t be stored
- Removed in liver via deamination (that’s all the info u get)
Page 21 structure of amino acid
Like why can’t brainscape just let me insert images for free, like that would make me know these diagrams D:
Amino acids are a_____ and can act as b_____
Fill in the missing words.
- amphoteric
- buffers
Define amphoteric
Both acidic and basic properties when they dissociate
Define buffers
Resists changes in pH in acid/alkali added to them
(that’s how they keep pH constant in experiments)
amino acid + amino acid = ???
A dipeptide
Annnnnd what type of bond is created in this dipeptide?
(think about glycosidic & ester bonds)
Peptide bond
How to know if peptide bond?
From OH & H –> them removed so now it’s C-N
Define polypeptide?
Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
What enzyme could break peptide bonds?
Protease
State the 4 levels of structure of protein
1° Primary - sequence of amino acids
2° Secondary - folding and coiling
3° Tertiary - 3D shape
4° Quaternary - association of polypeptide chains
Explain primary structure
3 things
(protein)
just remember one
- Determined by type, number & sequence of amino acids linked by peptide b.
- 20 amino acids = different possible 1° structures
- 1 change in amino acid = whole ass property change
Explain secondary structure
3 things also
Diagram in page 24
(protein)
Polypeptide chain can:
- Coil into an alpha helix
- Fold into a beta pleated sheet
- Shape maintained by hydrogen bonds
Explain tertiary structure
2 things
(protein)
- Coil and pleats can also fold and coil
= Overall 3D shape of polypeptide chain - Held in place by various bonds between the R groups
How the 3D shape precise for protein structure?
and 1 long additional thing D:
(Just remember one pal)
- Determines function e.g. active side on enzymes
- The 1° structure must be correct to get correct 3D shape cuz correct form due to amino acids at specific points along polypeptide chain
How is breaking down tertiary structure of protein = denaturation?
Bonds break (thats all the info u get from me)
2 causes of denaturation of proteins? and how
- Very high temp. = protein molecule vibrate & bond break
- Extremes of pH = H+ affecting bonding of amino acids = 3D tertiary shape lost
Importance of tertiary structure to functioning of an enzyme?
Icl i will wing thing one, and this is how:
- Active site.
Explain Quaternary structure?
2 things
(protein)
- Arises when 2/more polypeptide chains held together
- Forming complex biologically active molecules
2 examples of quaternary structure of protein?
- Globular protein haemoglobin
- Fibrous protein collagen
Haemoglobin made from?
and 2 additional things
4 polypeptide chains associated together
- Globular
- Soluble protein
Function of haemoglobin?
Transport oxygen
What group faces where to maintain haemoglobin solubility?
Hydrophilic groups face outwards
What element does the haem group contain?
Iron (Fe2+)
Another name for haem (non amino acid) group?
Prosthetic group
How many oxygen atoms can a haemoglobin carry?
8 oxygen atoms
What type of protein is collagen?
and 2 additional things
Structural, fibrous protein
- Strong
- Insoluble
Where is collagen found?
I’ll probably remember 1.
- Skin
- Bones
- Tendons
- Blood vessel walls
What does a collagen molecule consist of?
(it’s either 2 for complexity, or just know the simple dimple)
- 3 polypeptide chains
- Each coiled in the shape of a loose helix
How does collagen have great tensile strength?
Ends of parallel molecules are staggered;
stops weak spots across fibres
2 Examples of both fibrous & globular proteins?
Fibrous =
- Collagen
- Silk
Globular =
- Enzymes
- Haemoglobin
3 structures of both fibrous & globular proteins?
(special 3)
Fibrous =
- Polypeptide chains
- No hydrophilic groups outside
- Regular seq. of amino acids
Globular =
- Spherical shape
- Very precise shape & hydrophobic inside
- Irregular seq. of amino acids
2 properties of both fibrous & globular proteins?
Fibrous =
- Stable structure
- Insoluble in water
Globular =
- Relatively unstable
- Soluble in water
No time to compare haemoglobin & collagen but
ye i can look at page 28 if i want
Few functions of water ig?
(go and remember 2 at least)
- H2O reactant in loadsa imp chemical reactions e.g. photosynthesis
- H2O transports substances
- H2O helps control temperature
- H2O is a habitat???
What cause structure of water?
Deadass ima say cuz it’s a covalent bond looool
But what causes polarity of water?
- Each H atom gives it slight positive charge
- Unshared electrons in O give slight negative charge
What it means if something is polar?
Something that can attract and repel each other
Lil quick hydrogen bond explanation
(easy)
H = negative
so
will attract positive ions
5 properties of water?
- High specific heat capacity
- High latent heat of evaporation
- Very cohesive
- Lower density when solid
- Good solvent
How does water have high specific heat capacity?
(2 things)
- Takes lotta heat energy to heat water up
- Due to amount of energy to break hydrogen bonds between molecules
How does water have high latent heat of evaporation?
(2 things)
- It’s similar to ‘high specific heat capacity’ but like for gas
- Great for cooling; carry heat away
How is water very cohesive?
(2 things)
- Polar = tend to stick together
- Good for transporting substances
How water has low density when solid?
- Molecules held further apart when frozen
= decreased density
How water a good solvent?
(2 waffle type shit)
- So just like it’s polarity
- But in terms of surrounding ions, it is rlly good too
Last but not least (there actually is food tests but sorry bro)
Organic ions is on page 32
I just hope i reach the end of this flashcard yano
It rlly was almost 2 hours O_o
