Unit 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Outer ear is made up of? (3)

Answer 1

1. Pinna 2. External Auditory Meatus 3. Tympanic Membrane

Question 2

Middle ear is made up of? (4)

Answer 2

1. Ossicles - Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Question 3

The inner ear is made up of (3)

Answer 3

1. Vestibular Labyrinth 2. Cochlea 3. Auditory Labryinth

Question 4

The Outer, Middle, and Inner ear are what kinds of energy?

Answer 4

Outer= Acoustic Energy (sound waves)
Middle=Mechanical Energy (ossicles)
Inner=Fluid Energy (firing of auditory nerve)

Question 5

In technical terms - how do we hear?

Answer 5

Acoustic Sound energy enters the ear > into external auditory meatus > hits tympanic membrane (eardrum) >Mechanical energy vibrates ossicles > fluid energy enters cochlea > cochlea hair cells generate nerve impulses > auditory nerve carries to brain

Question 6

Hearing loss in the outer and middle ear is know as?

Answer 6

conductive hearing loss

Question 7

Hearing loss in the inner ear is known as?

Answer 7

sensorineural

Question 8

What is Peripheral HL vs. Central HL?

Answer 8

Peripheral is outer ear through 8th nerve —Central is brainstem through cortex.

Question 9

Neural pathology can also be called?

Answer 9

retrocochlear

Question 10

What is the function of the Auricle?

Answer 10

The external auditory meatus with the outer third being ear wax and hair follicles. Inner 2/3 is boney structure with osseocartilaginous junction (area where cartilage meets bone) and tympanic membrane.

Question 11

What is physiology of the Outer ear ? (3)

Answer 11

1. Protective mechanism for middle and inner ear. 2. Collects and boosts high frequency sounds 3. assists in sound localization

Question 12

Name the 3 smallest bones in the middle ear and which is connects to oval window?

Answer 12

1. malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
   stapes is connected to oval window.
   The ossicles are suspended in middle ear cavity and function like a piston (mechanical) pushing sound waves to inner ear fluids

Question 13

The middle ear has two muscles that protect against loud sounds entering, what are they?

Answer 13

1. Tensor Tympani (attached to malleus and innervate 5th cranial nerve) 2. Stapedius (attached to stapes and innervate 7th cranial nerve) By limited movement of ossicle, they reduce pressure to oval window

Question 14

In the middle ear, what does the impedance mismatch transformer do?

Answer 14

It matches the energy between air and fluid. It increased 30 dB. The areal ratio is going from TM to OW (Big to little space)

Question 15

What equalizes pressure between the middle ear cavity and nasopharynx?

Answer 15

Eustachian tube - also allows for drainage. it is flat as infant and drops as adult

Question 16

What does the auditory labyrinth and vestibular labyrinth contain?

Answer 16

Auditory contains cochlea *for Hearing

Vestibular contains fluid filled canals *For Balancing

Question 17

What are the 3 chambers of the cochlea and their fluids?

Answer 17

Scala vestibuli-perilymph
Scala media- Endolymph
Scala tympani -perilymph

Question 18

Is the cochlea was rolled out, what frequency is at the base, and what frequency is at the apex?

Answer 18

base = high freq

apex - low freq.

Question 19

Which membrane is between scala media and scala tympani?

Answer 19

Basilar membrane

Question 20

What sits on top of basilar membrane, and below tectorial membrane (inside scala media)?

Answer 20

organ of corti

Question 21

What is the turning point for scala vestibuli and scala tympani called?

Answer 21

helicotrema

Question 22

The organ of corti contains sensory cells for hearing. What are the inner and outer hairs cells for?

Answer 22

inner hair cells - for clarity - 1 row

outer hair cells - for intensity - 3-4 rows

Question 23

inner ear physiology - what does the inner ear do?

Answer 23

creates waves and fluid moving the hair cells - allows chemical exchange. Vibration of the oval window causes this wave to move scala vestibuli and pushes down to scala media & scala tympani and comes out round window. The wave established at basilar membrane moves from apex to base and brain makes sense of information.

Question 24

What is a cochlea wrapped around?

Answer 24

It is wrapped around a core called modiolus

Question 25

Central Auditory Pathway - how is the information traveling to auditory cortex? (Hint: acronym C-SLIMP)

Answer 25

1. C - Cochlea Nucleus
2. S - SOC Superior Olivary Nucleus)
3. L - Lateral Lemniscus
4. I - Inferior Colliculus
5. M - Medial Geniculate Body
6. p - Primary auditory cortex.

Question 26

What is an audiologist defined as?

Answer 26

qualified to provide a comprehensive
 professional services related to.. the
audiologic 
identification
assessment,
diagnosis
and treatment 
of persons with
impairment of auditory and vestibular
function, and to the prevention of impairments
associated with them”

Question 27

IDEA - What is a hearing impairment defined as?

Answer 27

an impairment in hearing, whether
permanent or fluctuating, that adversely
affects a child’s educational performance.
◼ It can range from mild to profound HL

Question 28

What does an SLP do doing hearing screening?

Answer 28

expert at identifying possible hearing disorder and care and maintenance of hearing aid. DOES NOT do hearing aid fitting

Question 29

What types of audiology are there? (5)

Answer 29

1. Diagnostic 2. (Re)habilitative 3. Educational 4. Pediatric 5. Hearing Conservation

Question 30

What percentage of children hard or hearing have an additional disability?

Answer 30

30%