Unit 1.1

Question 1

State 3 Atomic models of Atom

Answer 1

Thompson - Plumb Pudding
Rutherford - Planetary
Bohr - Quantum

Question 2

Identify 3 components of Atoms

Answer 2

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Question 3

List the charge and relative mass for the major components of the atom

Answer 3

Protons: +1 charge, 1AMU
Neutrons: 0 charge, 1 AMU
Electrons: -1 charge, 1/1836 (0.00055) AMU

Question 4

List the location of the three components of the atom.

Answer 4

Protons/Neutrons (nucleons) in nucleus; held by Nuclear Force.
Electrons are located in orbit.

Question 5

State the forces that hold an electron in orbit

Answer 5

Attractive force of electron and nucleus

Centrifugal force due to circular motion

Question 6

Define Excitation

Answer 6

The process of adding Energy to the nucleus or electron cloud causing transition from a ground state to an excited state.

Question 7

Define Ionization

Answer 7

Process of adding or removing atomic or molecular electrons to produce ions.

Question 8

Define symbols associated with atomic notation (X, Z, A, N), and show notation

Answer 8

X = Chemical Symbol
Z = Atomic number (# protons)
A = Atomic Mass Number (# protons + neutrons)
N = Number of neutrons

Question 9

Define nuclide

Answer 9

An atom having a specific number of protons and neutrons.

Question 10

Define Radionuclide

Answer 10

A radioactive nuclide.

Question 11

Define Isotopes, STATE examples

Answer 11

Elements having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons; H1, H2, H3 are examples of Hydrogen Isotopes.

Question 12

Define Contamination

Answer 12

A radioactive substance dispersed in or on materials or places where it is undesireable.

Question 13

Define Radiation.

Answer 13

Energy in the form of particles (alpha, beta particles or neutrons) or electromagnetic (light, UV, gamma/X-rays) waves emitted as a result of rearrangements within an unstable nucleus to produce a more stable configuration.

Question 14

Define Ionizing radiation.

Answer 14

Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation capable of producing ions (directly or indirectly).

Question 15

Describe direct Ionizing Radiation

Answer 15

**Charged particle radiation causing ionization via direct interaction with orbital electrons through electrostatic forces.

Question 16

Describe indirect Ionizing Radiation

Answer 16

Electromagnetic and neutron radiation produce fast moving charged particles through collisions with matter, which subsequently create ions via electrostatic forces.

Question 17

Describe the three primary electric field interactions.

Answer 17

Ionization: producing ion pairs with a positively charged atom and a free electron.
Excitation: Energy deposition insufficient to produce ions, increasing atomic energy without breaking bonds.
Bremsstrahlung: high speed particles undergo radical acceleration due to a change in direction of travel, releasing an X-ray.

Question 18

Is Bremsstrahlung more likely to occur when interacting with high or low-Z (atomic number) materials.

Answer 18

High. High-Z materials produce more Bremsstrahlung interactions and thus X-rays.