Unit 11

Question 0

illness

Answer 0

subjective state of the person who feels aware of not being well

Question 1

disease

Answer 1

physiological or psychological dysfunction

Question 2

sickness

Answer 2

state of social dysfunction

Question 3

cause of disease

Answer 3

a factor that influences the occurrence of disease

Question 4

etiology

Answer 4

cause or origin; all of the causes of disease or abnormal condition

Question 5

What is the Germ Theory?

Answer 5

The idea posed by Pasteur and Koch that specific diseases are caused by specific organisms.

Question 6

What are Henle-Koch’s postulates?

Answer 6

An explanation of the causative involvement of a microorganism in the pathogenesis of an infectious disease.

Question 7

Describe the epidemiological triad.

Answer 7

It’s the traditional model of infectious disease, which includes: an agent, a susceptible host, and the environment. The environment influences the route of transmission of the agent from a source to the host.

Question 8

Name a few types of agents.

Answer 8

In reference to an infectious microorganism: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. (Necessary, but not always sufficient)

In reference to noninfectious diseases: physical (noise), chemical (solids, liquids, gases), psychological (stress), social (school), and economical (job).

Question 9

What are host factors?

Answer 9

Includes intrinsic and extrinsic factors which influence exposure to agent.

Also includes intrinsic factors affecting susceptibility to an agent.

Question 10

What is the purpose of epidemiological model?

Answer 10

It helps to find practical and effective prevention and control measures to fighting disease.

Question 11

What was the first recorded epidemic?

Answer 11

Smallpox in 1350 B.C.

Question 12

Name some emerging infectious diseases in the USA

Answer 12

E. coli, the flu, and pneumonia

Question 13

Name some emerging infectious diseases around the world.

Answer 13

Cholera, Yellow Fever, E. coli, Dengue, Shingles

Question 14

Why do diseases reemerge?

Answer 14

societal events (war, population growth); health care (transplants); food production (changes in food processing); human behavior (sex, drugs, travel); environmental changes (deforestation, floods); pubic health infrastructure (reduction in prevention programs); microbial adaptation (development of drug resistance)

Question 15

When does transmission occur?

Answer 15

1) when agent leaves its reservoir or host
2) through a portal of exit
3) enters through a portal of entry to infect susceptible host

Question 16

What is a reservoir?

Answer 16

A habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies; can be humans, animals, and environment

Question 17

What are a few types of transmission?

Answer 17

Direct: person-to-person; droplet

Indirect: airborne, common vehicle, vector-borne

Question 18

Name a few portals of entry.

Answer 18

Skin, mucous membranes, and systemic

(agent needs host, such as a tissue, on which to grow and multiply

Question 19

Define herd immunity.

Answer 19

The resistance of a group or population to the spread of a disease due to the fact that a high proportion of the group or population is immune to the disease

Question 20

What are the three levels of usual prevalence?

Answer 20

1) endemic level
2) hyperendemic level
3) sporadic level

Question 21

What is an outbreak of disease?

Answer 21

An epidemic limited to a localized increase in the incidence of a disease

Question 22

Why do outbreaks occur?

Answer 22

1) Increase in amount of agent
2) Recent introduction of agent into a new setting
3) Enhanced mode of transmission
4) Factors that increase host exposure

Question 23

What is the purpose of a disease outbreak investigation?

Answer 23

To identify the cause of the disease as to prevent spread of the disease