unit 1.1 Flashcards
learn the key words
what makes landscapes distinctive ?
glaciation - the time during the last ice age when huge glaciers carved up the land
relief - the shape of the land
upland - an area of high or mountainous land above 600 meters
lowland - areas of low lying flat country below 200m
glacial landscape definitions
Bedrock
the solid rock that lies beneath the soil
scree
Fragments of rock found on the sides and at the bottom of hills and mountains
ice sheet
A large mass of glacial ice which covers more than 50,000 square kilometres
erosion
the wearing away and removal of material by a moving force
tundra
a vast, flat, treeless biome found in the arctic regions of Asia, Europe and North America where the subsoil is permanently frozen
melt water
water released by the melting of ice or snow
weathering
the breaking up of rocks by natural forces, without major movement
what is a hanging valley
a high level tributary valley from which there is a sharp fall to the level of the lower main valley
What is a pyramidal peak?
these are made when three corries from around a mountain. They cut backwards to leave a pyramidal peak in the middle
what is a Arete
If 2 corries form next to each other they will leave a sharp ridge between them
what is a u shaped valley glacial trough
steep valley sides, some material has slumped down to make the sides a bit gentler over the years
what is a truncated spur
when the glacier erodes the old river valley, it cuts off the interlocking spurs, this leaves truncated spurs
what is a traditional industry
types of jobs that were first in an area
rural
countryside
urban
city
economy
money/wealth of an area
diversity
changing the way in which businesses work to open up more options
what are the traditional industries
sheep farming - thin and poor quality soil so no good for growing crops, sheep are able to roam and graze freely
quarrying - slate quarries in Llanberis, Bethesda, Blaenau ffestiniog employed 1000s
forestry - some land was used to grow trees for timber
what is a honeypot site?
place of attractive scenery or special interest which attracts a large number of visitors
carrying capacity definition
the ability of a landscape or an eco system to absorb the activity of people without any losing damage some eco systems have a larger carrying capacity than others
what are the 3 main processes a river goes through
erosion ( wearing away)
transportation (moving)
deposition (dropping)
what is abrasion
wearing away
what is attrition
smashing together
what is hydraulic action
force of the water
what is corrosion
dissolved by weak acids
what is saltation
small particles bounce away
what is traction
boulders roll along
what is suspension
fine particles float away
what is solution
minerals dissolve in the water
what is vertical erosion
cutting down
what is lateral erosion
the widening of a valley
alluvium deposition
mud
definition for mouth
where a river meets the sea
definition for source
where a river begins
definition for watershed
the are of a high land forming the edge of a river basin
definition channel
this is where the river flows
definition for confluence
the point at which 2 rivers meet
definition for drainage basin
this a area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries
The key processes that forms V shaped valley 
Vertical erosion by hydraulic action and abrasion
What’s the first thing that happens in the formation of a V-shaped valley
The river roads downwards as boulders stones and rocks particles are bounced and scraped along the channel bed 
How does weathering affect the formation of V-shaped Valley
As the river cut down, the steep sides are attached by weathering, this breaks up and loosens the soil and rock
How does slope transport affect the formation of a V-shaped valley
The loosen materials slowly creeps down slope because of gravity or is washed into the river by rainwater the . river carries it away
the key features of the formation of the V-shaped valley
Waterfalls, rapids and whirlpools caused by sudden drops in height, and a large boulders that interrupt flow
The definition of velocity
Speed of flow
What is lateral erosion?
Erosion width way/sideway erosion
What is friction?
Force that slows down movement, example brakes
What does a meander look like at the start?
It is a meander neck
inside of the bend with slip off slope outside of bend with Rivercliff,
slowest Current on the inside of the bend
What’s the second step of when meanders are formed
The neck gets narrower, and the meander loop bends increasingly
What is the final step when meanders are formed
It becomes an oxbow lake, so there is a meander core, the river cuts through the neck of land during a time of flood
When does erosion happen in a river?
Erosion happens on the outside bend of a river because there is a faster velocity of water
What does friction do in a river? 
Friction is on the inside bend, and it increases deposition because all the rock smashes together which causes a lot of deposition to build up, making the river to cut off and turn into oxbow lake
One or more strategies for managing landscapes in Wales
Strategy to manage landscapes in Wales are more designated paths because it gives people access to more places and stops footpath erosion but it can be very expensive to maintain and doesn’t always last. In another way to manage landscape. You could add more litter recycling bins. This would help with general cleanliness and it avoids busy rubbish. Nevertheless, a lot of the time it gets too full and isn’t empty frequently and it would also be quite expensive to add bins everywhere
Definition of channel storage
This occurs when the water enters the river and stay there until it reaches the sea
What is transpiration?
A process where water is lost for a plant through the stomata in its leaves into into the atmosphere
What is surface water?
If the ground is hard, then the rain lies on the surface and puddles until it soaks into the ground
What is precipitation?
The main input and it varies every time and space
What is interception storage?
This occurs when the rain falls on the trees or grass, and is stored until it evaporates or flows downwards
What is stem flow?
This is when water flows down, vegetation, example a tree trunk
What is evaporation?
A process where water is lost from the land and river into the atmosphere
What is soil water?
This occurs when the water infiltrates downwards into the soil
What is river run-off?
When the water flows into the sea
What is Channel flow?
This occurs when water from the adjacent land flows into a river
What is through flow?
This occurs when water flows sideways through the soil
What is Overland flow?
While water flows on the ground into the river
What is percolation?
The constant movement down through the soil and rock
What is infiltration?
Is where water passes into soil
What is groundwater flow?
This occurs in the zone of saturated rock and is a lateral movement
What does saturated cause?
Causes flooding
Factors that affect flooding
Precipitation, snowfall, steep sides reduce the amount of infiltration of water into the ground and causes more
overland flow. Gentle slopes or flatland, allows water to infiltrate into the soil and increase lag times
The difference between steep relief and gentle relief
Steep relief, limited infiltration more over land flow
Gentle relief, more infiltration, and standing water, less overland flow
What are things that make a honeypot site
National park
Attractive scenery and outdoor activities
Close to major cities
Personal mobility increased
Near to seaside resorts
People have more spare time due to shorter working weeks and early retirement
How to manage footpath erosion
Footpaths mended by planting new grass or making a new footpath out of quarried stone, lowering speed limits
What does a global city consist of
Multi cultural and migration
Government and politics
Ideas and information
Transport hubs
Finance and trade
E.g London Buckingham palace
Who is vulnerable to the impacts of tectonic events
Women, especially pregnant women
People with disabilities
Minority groups
People living in informal housing because of pyroclastic flows through the housing
Young children and orphans
People who live next to dangerous locations like next door over
Homeless people
Who is vulnerable to the impacts of tectonic events
Women, especially pregnant women
People with disabilities
Minority groups
People living in informal housing because of pyroclastic flows through the housing
Young children and orphans
People who live next to dangerous locations like next door over
Homeless people
How come we reduce vulnerability to tectonic events?
Reduce the impact of the hazard this can be achieved by monitoring and predicting the hazards
Build capacity to cope with the hazard, so educate people and emergency services on what to do
Tackle the causes of vulnerability like poverty and inequality, so everyone has the same level of protection
How can you divert lava flows?
Spray love with water to cool and solidify it
Create earth in bank comments to channel the direction
Dropping concrete blocks by helicopter
Blowing up lava tubes to widen them and spread out the flow so it’s solidifys quicker
