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geography unit 1.1 physical and human landscapes > unit 1.1 > Flashcards

unit 1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what makes landscapes distinctive ?

A

glaciation - the time during the last ice age when huge glaciers carved up the land
relief - the shape of the land
upland - an area of high or mountainous land above 600 meters
lowland - areas of low lying flat country below 200m

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2
Q

glacial landscape definitions
Bedrock

A

the solid rock that lies beneath the soil

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3
Q

scree

A

Fragments of rock found on the sides and at the bottom of hills and mountains

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4
Q

ice sheet

A

A large mass of glacial ice which covers more than 50,000 square kilometres

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5
Q

erosion

A

the wearing away and removal of material by a moving force

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6
Q

tundra

A

a vast, flat, treeless biome found in the arctic regions of Asia, Europe and North America where the subsoil is permanently frozen

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7
Q

melt water

A

water released by the melting of ice or snow

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8
Q

weathering

A

the breaking up of rocks by natural forces, without major movement

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9
Q

what is a hanging valley

A

a high level tributary valley from which there is a sharp fall to the level of the lower main valley

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10
Q

What is a pyramidal peak?

A

these are made when three corries from around a mountain. They cut backwards to leave a pyramidal peak in the middle

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11
Q

what is a Arete

A

If 2 corries form next to each other they will leave a sharp ridge between them

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12
Q

what is a u shaped valley glacial trough

A

steep valley sides, some material has slumped down to make the sides a bit gentler over the years

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13
Q

what is a truncated spur

A

when the glacier erodes the old river valley, it cuts off the interlocking spurs, this leaves truncated spurs

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14
Q

what is a traditional industry

A

types of jobs that were first in an area

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15
Q

rural

A

countryside

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16
Q

urban

A

city

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17
Q

economy

A

money/wealth of an area

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18
Q

diversity

A

changing the way in which businesses work to open up more options

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19
Q

what are the traditional industries

A

sheep farming - thin and poor quality soil so no good for growing crops, sheep are able to roam and graze freely
quarrying - slate quarries in Llanberis, Bethesda, Blaenau ffestiniog employed 1000s
forestry - some land was used to grow trees for timber

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20
Q

what is a honeypot site?

A

place of attractive scenery or special interest which attracts a large number of visitors

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21
Q

carrying capacity definition

A

the ability of a landscape or an eco system to absorb the activity of people without any losing damage some eco systems have a larger carrying capacity than others

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22
Q

what are the 3 main processes a river goes through

A

erosion ( wearing away)
transportation (moving)
deposition (dropping)

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23
Q

what is abrasion

A

wearing away

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24
Q

what is attrition

A

smashing together

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25
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

force of the water

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26
Q

what is corrosion

A

dissolved by weak acids

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27
Q

what is saltation

A

small particles bounce away

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28
Q

what is traction

A

boulders roll along

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29
Q

what is suspension

A

fine particles float away

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30
Q

what is solution

A

minerals dissolve in the water

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31
Q

what is vertical erosion

A

cutting down

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32
Q

what is lateral erosion

A

the widening of a valley

33
Q

alluvium deposition

A

mud

34
Q

definition for mouth

A

where a river meets the sea

35
Q

definition for source

A

where a river begins

36
Q

definition for watershed

A

the are of a high land forming the edge of a river basin

37
Q

definition channel

A

this is where the river flows

38
Q

definition for confluence

A

the point at which 2 rivers meet

39
Q

definition for drainage basin

A

this a area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries

40
Q

The key processes that forms V shaped valley 

A

Vertical erosion by hydraulic action and abrasion

41
Q

What’s the first thing that happens in the formation of a V-shaped valley

A

The river roads downwards as boulders stones and rocks particles are bounced and scraped along the channel bed 

42
Q

How does weathering affect the formation of V-shaped Valley

A

As the river cut down, the steep sides are attached by weathering, this breaks up and loosens the soil and rock

43
Q

How does slope transport affect the formation of a V-shaped valley

A

The loosen materials slowly creeps down slope because of gravity or is washed into the river by rainwater the . river carries it away

44
Q

the key features of the formation of the V-shaped valley

A

Waterfalls, rapids and whirlpools caused by sudden drops in height, and a large boulders that interrupt flow

45
Q

The definition of velocity

A

Speed of flow

46
Q

What is lateral erosion?

A

Erosion width way/sideway erosion

47
Q

What is friction?

A

Force that slows down movement, example brakes

48
Q

What does a meander look like at the start?

A

It is a meander neck
inside of the bend with slip off slope outside of bend with Rivercliff,
slowest Current on the inside of the bend

49
Q

What’s the second step of when meanders are formed

A

The neck gets narrower, and the meander loop bends increasingly

50
Q

What is the final step when meanders are formed

A

It becomes an oxbow lake, so there is a meander core, the river cuts through the neck of land during a time of flood

51
Q

When does erosion happen in a river?

A

Erosion happens on the outside bend of a river because there is a faster velocity of water

52
Q

What does friction do in a river? 

A

Friction is on the inside bend, and it increases deposition because all the rock smashes together which causes a lot of deposition to build up, making the river to cut off and turn into oxbow lake

53
Q

One or more strategies for managing landscapes in Wales

A

Strategy to manage landscapes in Wales are more designated paths because it gives people access to more places and stops footpath erosion but it can be very expensive to maintain and doesn’t always last. In another way to manage landscape. You could add more litter recycling bins. This would help with general cleanliness and it avoids busy rubbish. Nevertheless, a lot of the time it gets too full and isn’t empty frequently and it would also be quite expensive to add bins everywhere

54
Q

Definition of channel storage

A

This occurs when the water enters the river and stay there until it reaches the sea

55
Q

What is transpiration?

A

A process where water is lost for a plant through the stomata in its leaves into into the atmosphere

56
Q

What is surface water?

A

If the ground is hard, then the rain lies on the surface and puddles until it soaks into the ground

57
Q

What is precipitation?

A

The main input and it varies every time and space

58
Q

What is interception storage?

A

This occurs when the rain falls on the trees or grass, and is stored until it evaporates or flows downwards

59
Q

What is stem flow?

A

This is when water flows down, vegetation, example a tree trunk

60
Q

What is evaporation?

A

A process where water is lost from the land and river into the atmosphere

61
Q

What is soil water?

A

This occurs when the water infiltrates downwards into the soil

62
Q

What is river run-off?

A

When the water flows into the sea

63
Q

What is Channel flow?

A

This occurs when water from the adjacent land flows into a river

64
Q

What is through flow?

A

This occurs when water flows sideways through the soil

65
Q

What is Overland flow?

A

While water flows on the ground into the river

66
Q

What is percolation?

A

The constant movement down through the soil and rock

67
Q

What is infiltration?

A

Is where water passes into soil

68
Q

What is groundwater flow?

A

This occurs in the zone of saturated rock and is a lateral movement

69
Q

What does saturated cause?

A

Causes flooding

70
Q

Factors that affect flooding

A

Precipitation, snowfall, steep sides reduce the amount of infiltration of water into the ground and causes more
overland flow. Gentle slopes or flatland, allows water to infiltrate into the soil and increase lag times

71
Q

The difference between steep relief and gentle relief

A

Steep relief, limited infiltration more over land flow
Gentle relief, more infiltration, and standing water, less overland flow

72
Q

What are things that make a honeypot site

A

National park
Attractive scenery and outdoor activities
Close to major cities
Personal mobility increased
Near to seaside resorts
People have more spare time due to shorter working weeks and early retirement

73
Q

How to manage footpath erosion

A

Footpaths mended by planting new grass or making a new footpath out of quarried stone, lowering speed limits

74
Q

What does a global city consist of

A

Multi cultural and migration
Government and politics
Ideas and information
Transport hubs
Finance and trade
E.g London Buckingham palace

75
Q

Who is vulnerable to the impacts of tectonic events

A

Women, especially pregnant women
People with disabilities
Minority groups
People living in informal housing because of pyroclastic flows through the housing
Young children and orphans
People who live next to dangerous locations like next door over
Homeless people

76
Q

Who is vulnerable to the impacts of tectonic events

A

Women, especially pregnant women
People with disabilities
Minority groups
People living in informal housing because of pyroclastic flows through the housing
Young children and orphans
People who live next to dangerous locations like next door over
Homeless people

77
Q

How come we reduce vulnerability to tectonic events?

A

Reduce the impact of the hazard this can be achieved by monitoring and predicting the hazards
Build capacity to cope with the hazard, so educate people and emergency services on what to do
Tackle the causes of vulnerability like poverty and inequality, so everyone has the same level of protection

78
Q

How can you divert lava flows?

A

Spray love with water to cool and solidify it
Create earth in bank comments to channel the direction
Dropping concrete blocks by helicopter
Blowing up lava tubes to widen them and spread out the flow so it’s solidifys quicker

geography unit 1.1 physical and human landscapes (1 decks)

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