unit 10 review

Question 1

alleles

Answer 1

different versions of the same gene at the same location

Question 2

genetics

Answer 2

the study of inheritance patterns and variation

Question 3

locus

Answer 3

specific point on a chromosome

Question 4

homologous chromosomes

Answer 4

same genes, different versions

Question 5

P, F1, and F2

Answer 5

starting parent and filial (family) generations

Question 6

father of genetics

Answer 6

gregor mendel

Question 7

gregor studied how many pea traits

Answer 7

7

Question 8

name the pea traits gregor studied

Answer 8

round/wrinkled seeds, yellow/green seeds, yellow/green pod, full/constricted pod, axial/terminal position, violet/white petals, tall/dwarf stem

Question 9

gregor’s two main findings

Answer 9

traits come in discrete, alternative versions, AND dominant masks recessive

Question 10

what’s the advantage of being diploid

Answer 10

more genetic variation

Question 11

independent assortment - what is it, what phase does it happen in, and what’s the exception

Answer 11

alleles for different traits separate individually (metaphase I) - exception: gene linkage

Question 12

1st law of heredity - what is it called, what does it state, and what phase does it happen in

Answer 12

law of segregation - during the gamete formation in meiosis, alleles for each trait go to separate gametes (anaphase I and II)

Question 13

autosomes

Answer 13

all chromosomes in cells (not sex)

Question 14

sex chromosomes

Answer 14

chromosomes that determine gender in mammals

Question 15

sex-linked trait

Answer 15

traits only on the x chromosome (not y)

Question 16

chi-square equation and what each symbol means

Answer 16

x^2c=the sum of (o-e)^2/e
x^2c - chi-squared
o - observed data
e - expected value

Question 17

purpose of chi-square equation

Answer 17

to compare if the variation in data is due to chance or the variables in it

Question 18

how to find the degree of freedom

Answer 18

of outcomes - 1

Question 19

null hypothesis

Answer 19

no significant difference between the observed data and the expected value

Question 20

what column to use

Answer 20

0.05

Question 21

if the chi-squared value is higher ____
if the chi-squared value is lower ____

Answer 21

reject;accept

Question 22

incomplete dominance

Answer 22

2 dominant traits combine/blend
red flower x white flower = pink flower

Question 23

codominance

Answer 23

2 dominant traits that are both expressed
white cow x black cow = white and black cow

Question 24

pleiotropy

Answer 24

a single gene affects 2+ unrelated phenotypic traits
sickle cell anemia

Question 25

epistasis

Answer 25

interferes with other genes
albinism

Question 26

polygenic

Answer 26

2 or more genes
skin tone

Question 27

pedigree

Answer 27

chart of the genetic history of a family over generations to analyze genotypes and predict

Question 28

autosomal

Answer 28

affects about 50/50 males to females

Question 29

x-linked

Answer 29

affects most males

Question 30

what shape are males shown as on pedigrees

Answer 30

squares

Question 31

what shape are fe males shown as on pedigrees

Answer 31

circles