unit 10 review Flashcards
alleles
different versions of the same gene at the same location
genetics
the study of inheritance patterns and variation
locus
specific point on a chromosome
homologous chromosomes
same genes, different versions
P, F1, and F2
starting parent and filial (family) generations
father of genetics
gregor mendel
gregor studied how many pea traits
7
name the pea traits gregor studied
round/wrinkled seeds, yellow/green seeds, yellow/green pod, full/constricted pod, axial/terminal position, violet/white petals, tall/dwarf stem
gregor’s two main findings
traits come in discrete, alternative versions, AND dominant masks recessive
what’s the advantage of being diploid
more genetic variation
independent assortment - what is it, what phase does it happen in, and what’s the exception
alleles for different traits separate individually (metaphase I) - exception: gene linkage
1st law of heredity - what is it called, what does it state, and what phase does it happen in
law of segregation - during the gamete formation in meiosis, alleles for each trait go to separate gametes (anaphase I and II)
autosomes
all chromosomes in cells (not sex)
sex chromosomes
chromosomes that determine gender in mammals
sex-linked trait
traits only on the x chromosome (not y)
chi-square equation and what each symbol means
x^2c=the sum of (o-e)^2/e
x^2c - chi-squared
o - observed data
e - expected value
purpose of chi-square equation
to compare if the variation in data is due to chance or the variables in it
how to find the degree of freedom
of outcomes - 1
null hypothesis
no significant difference between the observed data and the expected value
what column to use
0.05
if the chi-squared value is higher ____
if the chi-squared value is lower ____
reject;accept
incomplete dominance
2 dominant traits combine/blend
red flower x white flower = pink flower
codominance
2 dominant traits that are both expressed
white cow x black cow = white and black cow
pleiotropy
a single gene affects 2+ unrelated phenotypic traits
sickle cell anemia
