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BIOL 266 > Unit 10 - Cell Division > Flashcards

Unit 10 - Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Cell cycle:

A

the mechanism by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides in two.

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2
Q

Cell cycle requires (2):

A
  1. Replication of DNA and other cellular contents
  2. Partitioning of the duplicated material into two “daughter” cells
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3
Q

There are __ phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle

A

four phases

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4
Q

What are the four phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle: name them

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
  4. M phase
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5
Q

Describe M phase (1/4 phases of the stah)

A

includes mitosis (division of the genetic material) and
cytokinesis (physical separation of the cell into two cells)

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6
Q

Describe S phase in cell cycle:

A

DNA replication

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7
Q

(Step 3/4 cell cycle)Describe the G1 (Gap 1) phase:

A

interval between M phase and S phase

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8
Q

(Step 4/4 cell cycle) Describe the G2 (Gap 2) Phase

A

interval between S phase and M phase

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9
Q

In a typical human cell: M phase takes

A

1 hour

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10
Q

In a typical human cell:G1 phase takes

A

11 hours

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11
Q

In a typical human cell: S phase takes

A

8 hours

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12
Q

In a typical human cell: G2 phase takes

A

4 hours

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13
Q

The period between one M phase and the next (i.e. G1/S/G2) is called

A

interphase.

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14
Q

interphase.

A

The period between one M phase and the next (i.e. G1/S/G2) is called

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15
Q

During interphase, the cell continues to:

A

(1) transcribe its genes
(2) translate its protein
(3) grows and duplicates some of its organelles
(4) grows in mass

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16
Q

four phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle in order;

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2 Phase,M phase,

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17
Q

Interphase:Prior to mitosis, the centrosomes have

A

Duplicated (during S phase) but remain together

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18
Q

Interphase: Prior to mitosis, the DNA has

A

duplicated (during S phase)

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19
Q

Interphase: Prior to mitosis the cell has

A

grown (during interphase).

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20
Q

Interphase: nuclear state:

A

Nucleus remains intact, and DNA is decondensed

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21
Q

Does DNA form recognizable, mitotic chromosome structures during interphase?

A

no - the nucleus is intact and the DNA is decondensed

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22
Q

A centrosome is

A

2 centrioles at 90 degrees

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23
Q

The condensed chromosomes are held together by a protein complex called

A

cohesin

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24
Q

Before the sister chromatids separate during mitosis, they remain attached at a point called the

A

centromere

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25
Q

large protein complex that assembles at the centromere and serves as the attachment point for microtubules.

A

Kinetochore

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26
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Identical copies of a chromosome

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27
Q

Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, characterized by (4):

A
  1. The two daughter centrosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
  2. Some of the microtubules growing from opposite centrosomes overlap. Microtubule- associated proteins cross-link these microtubules together in a way that stabilizes their plus (+) ends by decreasing the probability of depolymerization.
  3. The interacting sets of microtubules form the mitotic spindle, and the two centrosomes that give rise to these microtubules are called SPINDLE POLES.
  4. The chromatin starts to condense.
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28
Q

The interacting sets of microtubules form the mitotic spindle, and the two centrosomes that give rise to these microtubules are called

A

spindle poles

29
Q

first phase of mitosis

30
Q

Second phase of mitosis:

A

Prometaphase

31
Q

Second phase of mitosis: Prometaphase Characterized by (3):

A
  1. The nuclear envelope breaks down, facilitated by the phosphorylation of the lamin proteins underlying the nuclear envelope. The membrane fragments into small vesicles.
  2. Microtubules now have access to the chromosomes and attach to the chromosomes via the kinetochore. These microtubules are called KINETOCHORE MICROTUBULES.
  3. Chromosomes are now fully condensed.
32
Q

chromosomes are fully condensed at which phase of mitosis?

A

second phase: prometaphase

33
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A

Microtubules now have access to the chromosomes and attach to the chromosomes via the kinetochore (second phase of mitosis: prometaphase)

34
Q

Third phase of mitosis:

35
Q

metaphase characterized by (2):

A
  1. Chromosomes ALIGN AT THE EQUATOR of the spindle, halfway between the two spindle poles, forming what is called the metaphase plate.
  2. The kinetochore microtubules from one spindle pole attach to one sister chromatid. The second sister chromatid of the chromosome attaches to a kinetochore microtubule from the second spindle.
36
Q

Chromosomes align at the equator during which stage of mitosis?

37
Q

in metaphase: kinetochores of all chromosomes are:

A

aligned in a plane midway between two spindle poles

38
Q

Fourth phase of mitosis:

39
Q

Fourth phase of mitosis: anaphase: characterized by (2):

A
  1. The paired chromatids synchronously separate to form two daughter chromosomes.
  2. Each daughter chromosome is gradually pulled toward the spindle pole to which it is attached. This movement distributes, or segregates, the two identical sets of chromosomes to opposite ends of the spindle.
40
Q

Three types of microtubules during mitosis

A
  1. Kinetochore microtubules
  2. Interpolar microtubules
  3. Aster microtubules
41
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Attached to the mitotic (condensed) chromosomes at their centromeres, via the kinetochores; play a critical role in separation of the mitotic chromosomes.

42
Q

Interpolar microtubules

A

are not attached to chromosomes and overlap each other; are stabilized by proteins called spindle kinesins

43
Q

Interpolar microtubulesstabilized by proteins called

A

spindle kinesins

44
Q

Aster microtubules –

A

extend outward from the centrosomes to the cell periphery and have freely exposed plus (+) ends

45
Q

The dynamics of all _ types of _- help to pull chromosomes apart during anaphase.

A

The dynamics of all three types of mitotic microtubules help to pull chromosomes apart during anaphase.

46
Q

The dynamics of all three types of mitotic microtubules help to pull chromosomes apart during anaphase.

A
  1. The kinetochore microtubules disassemble but remain attached to the chromosomes, thereby PULLING the CHROMATIDS to OPPOSITE SPINDLE POLES.
  2. The spindle kinesins (plus (+) end-directed motor proteins) of the INTERPOLAR MICROTUBULES GENERATE A SLIDING FORCE TO PUSH THE MICROTUBULES APART. This forces the spindle poles further apart.
  3. The ASTER MICROTUBULES ARE PULLED TOWARDS THE CELL PERIPHERY BY DYNEIN (minus (-) end-directed motor proteins) that is anchored to the plasma membrane. This also forces the spindle poles further apart.
47
Q

spindle kinesins

A

(plus (+) end-directed motor proteins)

48
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A

pulling the chromatids to opposite spindle poles.

49
Q

spindle kinesins (plus (+) end-directed motor proteins) of the interpolar microtubules

A

generate a sliding force to push the microtubules apart. This forces the spindle poles further apart.

50
Q

dynein

A

(minus (-) end-directed motor proteins)

51
Q

aster microtubules are pulled towards __ by __

A

The aster microtubules are pulled towards the cell periphery by dynein

52
Q

The aster microtubules are pulled towards the cell periphery by dynein (minus (-) end-directed motor proteins) that is anchored to the plasma membrane. This also forces

A

the spindle poles further apart.

53
Q

Telophase is characterized by (3):

A
  1. The separated chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles.
  2. The nuclear envelope begins to reassemble around the chromosomes. This is assisted by the dephosphorylation of the lamin proteins. The chromosomes themselves start to decondense.
  3. A contractile ring composed largely of actin microfilaments starts to form at the equator between the two spindle poles.
54
Q

Fifth phase of mitosis:

55
Q

The cytoplasm is divided in two by

A

the contractile ring

56
Q

The cytoplasm is divided in two by the contractile ring. The closure of the cleavage
furrow is aided by

A

non-muscle myosin II

57
Q

Cytokinesis: Other cytosolic components such as the cytoskeleton, organelles and other cytosolic
proteins are __

A

equally distributed between the newly-formed daughter cells.

58
Q

Cytokinesis: Chromosomes are

A

fully decondensed and the nuclear envelope is reformed.

59
Q

Cytokinesis - Microtubules emerge from:

A

the single centrosome in each daughter cell

60
Q

Cytokinesis:The remaining microtubules from the mitotic spindle that are no longer attached to a centrosome are referred to as:

A

the midbody

61
Q

Myosin II can:

A

slide actin filaments along each other to cause muscle contraction.

62
Q

Recall that myosin II can slide actin filaments along each other to cause muscle contraction. The same principle happens during cytokinesis to

A

create the cleavage furrow and ultimately separate the daughter cells.

63
Q

Cytokinesis Description:

A

Cytokinesis relies on the contractile ring, which uses actin filaments and myosin II to create a cleavage furrow and separate the daughter cells

64
Q

Improper segregation of the genome leads to a condition called

A

aneuploidy

65
Q

aneuploidy

A

abnormal amount of chromosomes in a cell.

66
Q

Causes of Aneuploidy (2):

A

(1) Improper attachment of microtubules to kinetochores.

(2) Improper spindle pole formation.

67
Q

Down syndrome:

A

trisomy 21, where chromosome 21 is present in 3 copies; intellectual disability, growth delay, characteristic facial features.

68
Q

Cancer:

A

uncontrolled cell growth; aneuploidy is characteristic of cancer but whether it causes cancer is still unknown.

BIOL 266 (16 decks)

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