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RACHEL - PATHO I FINAL > UNIT 10 - ALTERATIONS IN NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTIONS > Flashcards

UNIT 10 - ALTERATIONS IN NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

4 REGIONS OF THE BRAIN

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
  • Neuron
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2
Q

CEREBRUM

A

THINKING PROCESS

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3
Q

CEREBELLUM

A

BALANCE

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4
Q

BRAIN STEM

A

VITAL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS BREATHING, BP

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5
Q

NEURON

A

BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE BRAIN

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6
Q

PROTECTIVE SURFACES OF THE BRAIN

A 
BRAIN
PIA MATER
SUB-ARACHNOID SPACE
ARACHNOID MATER
SUBDURAL SPACE
DURA MATER
EPIDURAL SPACE
SKULL
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7
Q

glued to brain like wallpaper. Soft layer.

A

PIA MATER

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8
Q

Space between pia mater and arachnoid mater
o Contains cerebral spinal fluid
o Lubricates brain, provides a little cushioning

A

SUB-ARACHNOID SPACE

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9
Q

looks like spiderweb. On top of pia mater.

A

ARACHNOID MATER

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10
Q

space between Arachnoid mater and dura mater

A

Subdural space

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11
Q

On top of Arachnoid mater. Protective layer

A

Dura mater – (tough mother)

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12
Q

Between dura mater and skull

A

Epidural space

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13
Q

SPINAL CORD IS PROTECTED BY THREE LAYERS CALLED THE __________________.

A

MENINGES

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14
Q

ALTERED ____________ ____ ______________ (AROUSAL AND AWARENESS) IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT INDICATOR FOR NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

A

LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS

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15
Q

CONFUSION, DISORIENTATION, STUPOROUS, LETHARGY, OBTUNDED

A

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ALTERED LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

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16
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

MEMORY LOSS IS EITHER _______________ OR
_____________ AMNESIA

A

RETROGRADE

ANTEROGRADE

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17
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

RETROGRADE AMNESIA

A

CANNOT REMEMBER BEFORE INJURY

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18
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

A

CANNOT FORM NEW MEMORIES. SINCE INJURY THEY CANNOT REMEMBER

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19
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

AGNOSIA

A

CANNOT RECOGNIZE FAMILIAR OBJECTS

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20
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

DYSPHASIA

A

LANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES

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21
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

DISORDER OF AWARENESS.
o TEMPORARY STATE*
o CAN OCCUR BECAUSE OF DRUGS, INFECTION OR TRAUMA

A

ACUTE CONFUSIONAL STATE

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22
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

DECLINE OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION
o PROBLEMS WITH ORIENTATION, PROBLEM SOLVING, DECISION MAKING
o BEHAVIOURAL ALTERATIONS MAY OCCUR
o CAN RESULT FROM VARIETY OF DISEASES

A

DEMENTIA

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23
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

HEADACHE, NAUSEA & VOMITING

A

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

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24
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

PUPILLARY CHANGES & ALTERED BREATHING PATTERNS ARE ____________ ____________OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

A

LATE SIGNS

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25
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION.

EYES DO NOT MOVE TOGETHER (LIZARD EYES)

A

DISCONJUGATE EYE MOVEMENTS

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26
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

INVOLUNTARY EYE MOVEMENTS

A

NYSTAGMUS

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27
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

– BODY SENSE (YOU KNOW WHERE YOUR BODY PARTS ARE)

A

SENSORY DYSFUNCTION:

LOSS OF PROPRIOCEPTION

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28
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

DIFFICULTY WITH MOVEMENT

A

MOTOR DYSFUNCTION:

DYSKINESIA

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29
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

CANNOT BEND OR EXTEND JOINTS IN A SMOOTH MANOR

A

MOTOR DYSFUNCTION:

COGWHEEL RIGIDITY

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30
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

GAIT WHERE THEY TEND TO LEAN FORWARD

A

MOTOR DYSFUNCTION:

PROPULSIVE GAIT

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31
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

GAIT WHERE THEY TEND TO LEAN BACKWARD

A

MOTOR DYSFUNCTION:

RETROPULSIVE GAIT

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32
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

UNCOORDINATED GAIT

A

MOTOR DYSFUNCTION:

ATAXIA

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33
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

  • FLACCID VS SPASTIC (INCREASE IN MUSCLE TONE CAUSING RIGIDITY)
  • IPSILATERAL (SAME SIDE OF BRAIN/SPINAL CORD LESION) VS CONTRALATERAL (OPPOSITE SIDE OF BRAIN/SPINAL CORD LESION)
A

MOTOR DYSFUNCTION:

WEAKNESS/PARALYSIS

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34
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

ABNORMAL FLEXION OF EXTREMITIES TOWARD BRAIN

A

MOTOR DYSFUNCTION:

DECORTICATE

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35
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

ABNORMAL EXTENSION OF EXTREMITIES AWAY FROM BRAIN

A

MOTOR DYSFUNCTION:

DECEREBRATE POSTURING

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36
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

SUDDEN, EXPLOSIVE DISORDERLY DISCHARGE OF NEURONS

A

SEIZURES

NEURONS USUALLY FIRE IN AN ORDERLY PATTERN. WITH SEIZURES THEY FIRE AT AN ABNORMAL RATE AND PATTERN.

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37
Q

SEIZURES

STARTS IN ONE AREA OF THE BRAIN (FOCAL AREA), THEN SPREADS TO OTHER AREAS.

A

EPILEPTOGENIC FOCUS

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38
Q

SEIZURES

___________ (TEMPORARY) ALTERATION IN BRAIN FUNCTION
o ALTERED LEVEL OF AROUSAL
o SENSORY AND MOTOR MANIFESTATIONS

A

TRANSIENT

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39
Q

DRUGS, TOXINS, HEAD INJURY, BRAIN TUMORS, INFECTION, HYPOGLYCEMIA ARE ___________ OF SEIZURES

A

CAUSES

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40
Q

________ EPILEPSY – UNSURE OF CAUSE

A

IDIOPATHIC

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41
Q

WHICH TYPE OF SEIZURE?

ABNORMAL ACTIVITY IS ORIGINATING IN ONE PART OF THE BRAIN
SIMPLE OR COMPLEX

A

PARTIAL

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42
Q

WHICH TYPE OF SEIZURE?

NO LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS OR AWARENESS
 MAY HAVE MOTOR DISTURBANCES
 SHAKING OR TREMORS STARTING IN TIPS OF FINGERS AND TOES. BEGINS DISTALLY AND WORKS IT WAS PROXIMALLY.
 MAY HAVE SENSORY DISTURBANCES
 AREN’T AS VISIBLE AS MOTOR SYMPTOMS
 MAY FEEL BUGS CRAWLING UP ARM, HEAR RINGING IN EARS, VISUAL DISTURBANCES

A

SIMPLE PARTIAL

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43
Q

WHICH TYPE OF SEIZURE?

NO LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, BUT MAY BE A LOSS OF AWARENESS.
 AUTOMATISMS – PERSON MAKE REPEATED, NON-PURPOSEFUL MOVEMENTS

A

COMPLEX PARTIAL

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44
Q

WHICH TYPE OF SEIZURE?

INVOLVES BOTH CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES OF BRAIN

A

GENERALIZED SEIZURES

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45
Q

TYPE OF GENERALIZED SEIZURE

 BEGINS WITH AURA (MAY SEE LIGHTS FLASHING, ODD TASTE IN MOUTH, RINGING IN EARS)
 LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. TONIC PHASE – BECOMES RIGID
 CLONIC PHASE – SHAKING
 ALTERNATES BETWEEN RIGID AND SHAKING. CAN FROTH AT MOUTH, BECOME INCONTINENT, EYES ROLL BACK.
 POST-ICTAL – COMPLETELY FLACCID, UNABLE TO MOVE.

A

TONIC-CLONIC – AKA GRANDE MAL.

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46
Q

TYPE OF GENERALIZED SEIZURE

______________ SEIZURES:
EPISODES OF COMPLETE LOSS OF AWARENESS
 OCCURS IN CHILDREN. THEY CAN GROW OUT OF IT, OR IT CAN PROGRESS TO TONIC-CLONIC SEIZURES.

A

ABSENCE

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47
Q

TYPE OF GENERALIZED SEIZURE

____________ SEIZURES:
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTION (TWITCHING)
 LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND BRIEF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

A

MYOCLONIC

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48
Q

TYPE OF GENERALIZED SEIZURE

___________SEIZURES: LOSS OF TONE. OCCURS WHEN SOMEONE SUDDENLY LOSES MUSCLE TONE AND DROP TO THE GROUND.
 CALLED DROP ATTACKS.
 HELMETS MAY BE WORN TO PROTECT THEIR HEAD.

A

ATONIC

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49
Q

_____________ _________________:

PROLONGED SEIZURE
o CAN RESULT IN BRAIN DAMAGE, AS THE BRAIN IS DEPRIVED OF OXYGEN FOR SOME TIME

A

STATUS EPILEPTICUS

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50
Q

SEIZURES NORMALLY DO NOT LAST LONGER THAN ___ ________ ______________

A

A FEW MINUTES

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51
Q
  • EEG MUST BE DONE TO DETERMINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ______________ & _____________ _____________ SEIZURES BECAUSE SYMPTOMS ARE SIMILAR.
  • USED TO EVALUATE SEIZURES AND BRAIN FUNCTION.
A

ABSENCE AND COMPLEX PARTIAL

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52
Q
  • MILD: 14 – 15
  • MODERATE: 9 – 13
  • SEVERE: 3 – 8
A

GLASGOW COMA SCALE – TEST TO EVALUATE NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION

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53
Q

CATEGORIES OF NEUROLOGICAL ____________

•	TRAUMA
•	CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
•	INFECTION
•	DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
•	TUMORS 
•	DEVELOPMENTAL ERRORS
              o	    CEREBRAL PALSY
A

CATEGORIES OF NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES

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54
Q

TRAUMA - BRAIN INJURY (ATLS)
• MECHANISM OF INJURY
o BLUNT - define

A

SKIN IS NOT BROKEN

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55
Q

TRAUMA - BRAIN INJURY (ATLS)
• MECHANISM OF INJURY
o PENETRATING - define

A

SKIN AND TISSUE UNDERNEATH IS BROKEN

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56
Q

SEVERITY OF BRAIN INJURIES IS BASED ON _____________ ________ _____________

(<8 = POOR OUTCOME)

A

GLASGOW COMA SCALE

(T A SMILEY FACE WITH A HAT. ITS SERIOUS.

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57
Q

MORPHOLOGY

A

SHAPE

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58
Q

WITH A SKULL FRACTURE, DAMAGE TO ________ TISSUE IS THE MAIN CONCERN

A

BRAIN

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59
Q

MORPHOLOGY: SKULL FRACTURE

•VAULT (TOP, ROUND SECTION THAT IS COVERED BY HAIR)
o OPEN VS CLOSED

A

OPEN (SCALP IS TORN & DURA IS EXPOSED)

CLOSED (SCALP IS INTACT)

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60
Q

MORPHOLOGY: SKULL FRACTURE

•VAULT (TOP, ROUND SECTION THAT IS COVERED BY HAIR)
o LINEAR VS DEPRESSED

A

LINEAR (HAIRLINE FRACTURE – LOOKS LIKE A LINE)

DEPRESSED (BONE FRAGMENTS ARE COMPRESSING AGAINST BRAIN TISSUE)

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61
Q

MORPHOLOGY: SKULL FRACTURE

•___________ ___________ (BASE FORMS FLOOR OF BRAIN AND ROOF OF NOSE – FRACTURE OF CRIBIFORM PLATE) – SERIOUS HEAD INJURY

A

BASILAR FRACTURE

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62
Q

MORPHOLOGY: SKULL FRACTURE

•BASILAR FRACTURE
o WITH/WITHOUT:
 PERIORBITAL ECCHYMOSIS
- DEFINE

A

BRUISING AROUND EYES (RACCOON EYES) CAUSED BY BLEEDING INTO THE BRAIN. IT TRICKLES DOWN AND SETTLES AROUND THE EYES

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63
Q

MORPHOLOGY: SKULL FRACTURE

•BASILAR FRACTURE
o WITH/WITHOUT:
 MASTOID ECCHYMOSIS
- DEFINE

A

BRUISING BEHIND THE EAR.

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64
Q

MORPHOLOGY: SKULL FRACTURE

•BASILAR FRACTURE
o WITH/WITHOUT:
 VII NERVE PALSY
- which nerve?

A

FACIAL NERVE. LOOK FOR FACIAL DROOPING

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65
Q

MORPHOLOGY: SKULL FRACTURE

•BASILAR FRACTURE
o WITH/WITHOUT:
 CSF LEAK
- DEFINE

A

(CLEAR, WATERY DRAINAGE)
 RHINORRHEA – DRAINAGE IN NOSE
 OTORRHEA – DRAINAGE IN EARS

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66
Q

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY CAN OCCUR BECAUSE OF A BLOW _____________ TO THE BODY

A

ANYWHERE

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67
Q

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

WHERE DOES COUP DAMAGE THE BRAIN?

A

DAMAGE TO BRAIN IS AT SITE OF IMPACT

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68
Q

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

WHERE DOES CONTRECOUP DAMAGE THE BRAIN?

A

DAMAGE IS AT SITE OF IMPACT AS WELL AS OPPOSITE SIDE OF BRAIN

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69
Q

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

WHERE DOES FOCAL BRAIN DAMAGE OCCUR?

A

IN ONE AREA OF THE BRAIN

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70
Q

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

WHERE DOES DIFFUSE BRAIN DAMAGE OCCUR?

A

WIDESPREAD

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71
Q

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

_____________ HEMORRHAGE: FOCAL INJURY. BLEEDING IN A SPECIFIC AREA OF THE BRAIN.

A

CEREBRAL

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72
Q

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

_____________ HEMATOMA: BLEEDING INSIDE OF THE ENCLOSED, EPIDURAL SPACE

A

EPIDURAL

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73
Q

MIDDLE ___________ ARTERY TEARS CAN CAUSE THE EPIDURAL HEMATOMA.
THE BLOOD HAS NOWHERE TO GO SO THE PRESSURE BUILDS UP INSIDE THE BRAIN.

A

MENINGEAL

74
Q

EPIDURAL HEMATOMA CAUSES RAPID ________________ DETERIORATION

A

NEUROLOGICAL

75
Q

__________ HEMATOMA:

TEARING OF BRIDGING VEINS BETWEEN DURA AND BRAIN (VEINS FEED BRAIN TISSUE)

A

SUBDURAL HEMATOMA

76
Q

SUBDURAL HEMATOMAS ARE A _________ BLEED THAN EPIDURAL BECAUSE IT INVOLVES VEINS INSTEAD OF ARTERIES

A

SLOWER

77
Q

BRAIN MATTER SHRINKS AS WE BECOME ELDERLY, MAKING BRAIN MORE MOBILE. INCREASES LIKELIHOOD OF______________ TO THOSE BRIDGING VEINS BETWEEN DURA & BRAIN.

A

DAMAGE

78
Q

_________________ HEMORRHAGE:

BLEEDING INTO THE SPACE BETWEEN THE ARACHNOID MATER AND PIA MATER – SUBARACHNOID SPACE

A

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE

79
Q

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE CAN OCCUR WITHOUT TRAUMA IF _____________ BURSTS

A

ANEURYSM

80
Q 
•	RISK FACTORS OF \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ HEMORRHAGE
o	HYPERTENSION
o	ANEURYSM – POUCHING OF BLOOD VESSEL. 
o	AVM – WEAK BLOOD VESSELS 
o	TRAUMA
A

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE

81
Q

INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE:

THE _____________ THE AMOUNT OF BLEEDING IN THE BRAIN, THE ______________ THE AMOUNT OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.

A

GREATER

GREATER

82
Q

INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE:

AS THE PRESSURE ________________, THE BRAIN TISSUE IS BEING SQUISHED AND BEGINS TO HERNIATE (SQUISHED BACK DOWN THE SPINAL CORD).

A

INCREASES

83
Q

INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE:

AS HERNIATION PUSHES AGAINST THE BRAINSTEM (RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM – PART OF BRAIN THAT KEEPS US AWAKE) IT CAUSES LOSS OF ___________________.

A

CONSCIOUSNESS

84
Q

HERNIATION IS A RESULT OF _____________ INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE. THE BRAIN TISSUE BEGINS TO PROTRUDE _______________ TOWARD THE BRAIN STEM.

A

INCREASED

DOWNWARD

85
Q 
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ signs
•	IRRITABILITY, RESTLESSNESS 
•	CHANGES IN COGNITION
•	DISORIENTATION, VOMITING
•	IMPAIRED MOTOR FUNCTION
•	VITAL SIGNS Within Normal Limits
A

EARLY SIGNS

86
Q 
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ signs
•	COMA
•	DECORTICATE (ARMS ARE POSITIONED TOWARDS BRAIN) OR DECEREBRATE (ARMS AWAY FROM BRAIN) POSTURING
•	FIXED AND DILATED PUPILS
•	CUSHING TRIAD
o	INCREASED SYSTOLIC BP
o	WIDENING PP
o	BRADYCARDIA
A

LATE SIGNS

87
Q

CONCUSSION IS A ___________ INJURY

A

DIFFUSE

88
Q
  • TEMPORARY DISRUPTION OF NEURON TRANSMISSION IN THE BRAIN
  • DAMAGE IS DONE AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL. NEURONS ARE NOT FIRING IN AN ORDERLY FASHION AS THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO BE. THE NEURONS BECOME SWOLLEN AND THIS INTERFERES WITH NERVOUS IMPULSES.
A

CONCUSSION

89
Q

S&S OF CONCUSSION MAY NOT BE _______________

A

IMMEDIATE

90
Q

CONCUSSIONS

HEALING RATE IS __________. AS LONG AS THE PERSON IS _____________, THEY SHOULD REST THEIR BRAIN.

A

VARIABLE

SYMPTOMATIC

91
Q

PERSONS WHO HAVE REPEATED CONCUSSIONS AND HAVE NOT HAD A CHANCE TO HEAL, AND GET ANOTHER CONCUSSION. INCREASES RISK FOR _________ ________ OF __________

A

EARLY ONSET OF DEMENTIA

92
Q

CONCUSSION DAMAGE IS NOT A VISIBLE AS ________ INJURY

A

FOCAL

93
Q

_____________ CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CONCUSSION
o LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (MAY OR MAY NOT OCCUR)
o POOR COORDINATION
o SLOW COGNITION
o TROUBLE FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS
o TROUBLE CONCENTRATING, READING, PROCESSING
o HEADACHE
o DIZZINESS
o NAUSEA
o DO NOT FEEL RIGHT
o AMNESIA

A

PHYSICAL

94
Q

______________ CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CONCUSSION

o MEMORY DISTURBANCES
o TROUBLE UNDERSTANDING

A

COGNITIVE

95
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CONCUSSION
o	MAY HAVE OUTBURST
o	INSOMNIA
o	DEPRESSION
o	MOODY
A

EMOTIONAL

96
Q

SET OF SYMPTOMS THAT MAY CONTINUE FOR WEEKS, MONTHS, OR OCCASIONALLY A YEAR OR MORE AFTER A CONCUSSION

A

POST-CONCUSSION SYNDROME

97
Q

ENCEPHALOPATHY (PERMANENT DAMAGE TO BRAIN) AND STRUCTURAL BRAIN DAMAGE FROM REPEATED CONCUSSIONS.

A

DEMENTIA PUGLISTICA

98
Q
  • GRADING SYSTEMS (GRADES 1 – 4)

* SPORTS CONCUSSION ASSESSMENT TOOL – 3RD EDITION

A

ASSESSMENT OF CONCUSSION

99
Q

MOST SERIOUS GRADE OF CONCUSSIONS ACCORDING TO THE GRADING SYSTEM (GRADES 1-4)

A

grade 4

100
Q

SPINAL NERVES:

C1-C8 CERVICAL SPINE SUPPLIES - 4

A

UPPER ARMS, HEAD, NECK & DIAPHRAGM

101
Q

SPINAL NERVES:

T9-T12 THORACIC SPINE SUPPLIES - 2

A

CHEST AND ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

102
Q

SPINAL NERVES:

L1-L5 LUMBAR SUPPLIES - 1

A

LOWER LEGS

103
Q

SPINAL NERVES:

S1-S5 SACRAL – INNERVATES - 2

A

THE PERINEUM, BLADDER

104
Q

SPINAL CORD IS COVERED BY THE SAME 3 LAYERS OF MENINGES THAT COVER THE ____________

A

BRAIN

105
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURY CAN BE THE RESULT OF ___________ OR ___________

A

INJURY OR DISEASE

106
Q

POINT AT WHICH SPINAL CORD IS DAMAGED IS CALLED A _____________

A

LESION

107
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURY:

CONTUSION VS TRANSECTION

A

CONTUSION - BRUISING

TRANSECTION - CORD HAS BEEN CUT (VERY RARE)

108
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURY:

AT TIME OF INJURY, IF THERE IS PARALYSIS IT IS CONSIDERED A __________ INJURY.

A

COMPLETE INJURY

.

109
Q

SPINAL CORD INJURY:

______________ INJURY – PERSON STILL HAS SOME SENSORY FUNCTION. INITIALLY, THERE IS LOSS OF FUNCTION. CHANCE OF RETURN OF NORMAL FUNCTION ONCE THE INFLAMMATION AND BRUISING GOES DOWN

A

INCOMPLETE INJURY

110
Q

______________ IS MOST VULNERABLE BECAUSE IT IS THE MOST MOBILE.

A

C-SPINE

111
Q

_____________ SPINAL CORD INJURY
• HYPERFLEXION – HEAD IS FORCED FORWARD. DAMAGE TO POSTERIOR LIGAMENTS THAT KEEP SPINAL CORD IN ALIGNMENT.
• HYPEREXTENSION – HEAD IS FORCED BACKWARD. DAMAGE TO ANTERIOR LIGAMENTS.
• COMPRESSION – WHEN SPINAL CORD IS COMPRESSED. CAN SHATTER BONES OF VERTEBRAE, THE FRAGMENTS ARE SHARP AND THEY RUN THE RISK OF TRANSECTING THE CORD.
• ROTATION – HEAD SPINS. CAN DAMAGE THE SPINE AS WELL.

A

PRIMARY

112
Q

_____________ SPINAL CORD INJURY
BODY TRIES TO REPAIR THE DAMAGE THROUGH INFLAMMATION WHICH CAUSES SECONDARY DAMAGE.
1. OXIDATIVE STRESS – NEUTROPHILS CREATE FREE RADICALS THAT CAN DAMAGE SPINAL CORD
2. CYTOKINES – MATURE HELPER T CELLS & MACROPHAGES (TYPE OF CYTOKINE) WILL CAUSE FURTHER DAMAGE
3. EXCITOTOXICITY – GLUTAMATE, A NEUROTRANSMITTER, AND ALTERS SODIUM & POTASSIUM PUMP WHICH CAN CAUSE FURTHER DAMAGE TO THE SPINAL CORD.

A

SECONDARY

113
Q

TYPES OF SHOCK IN NEUROLOGICAL SECTION (2)

A

SPINAL
NEUROGENIC

MORE DETAIL FOR SHORT ANSWER

114
Q

WHICH SPINAL CORD INJURY

• HYPERREFLEXIA
• OVERACTIVITY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CAUSED BY AN IRRITANT BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE LESION. MOST COMMON IN PEOPLE WITH INJURIES ABOVE T6.
**REQUIRES PROMPT ATTENTION

A

AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA

115
Q 
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
HYPERTENSION
HEADACHE
FLUSHED FACE
DIAPHORESIS ABOVE THE LEVEL OF INJURY
GOOSE FLESH BELOW LEVEL OF INJURY
A

AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA

116
Q

AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA CAN RESULT IN BURST ______ __________ IN BRAIN

A

BLOOD VESSEL

117
Q

AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA CAN OCCUR BECAUSE OF ____________ ___________ OR _________________

A

URINARY RETENTION OR CONSTIPATION

118
Q

WHICH CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE ?

DISEASE OF CEREBRAL BLOOD VESSELS RESULTING IN IMPAIRED CEREBRAL PERFUSION (DISORDER OF BLOOD VESSELS THAT DAMAGES THE BRAIN TISSUE)

A

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA)

119
Q

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA) _______ _________:
o FAMILY HISTORY, AGE
o SMOKING, DYSLIPIDEMIA
o HYPERTENSION, DIABETES

A

RISK FACTORS

120
Q

80% OF CVA’S ARE _____________

A

ISCHEMIC

121
Q

TYPES OF ____________________ ____________
ISCHEMIA
HEMORRHAGIC
TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA)

A

CVA

122
Q

WHICH TYPE OF CVA?
o BLOOD CLOT OCCLUDES BLOOD VESSEL OF BRAIN. ALL TISSUE DISTAL DOES NOT RECEIVE OXYGEN. IT BECOMES ISCHEMIC AND DIES.
o SYMPTOMS ARE PERMANENT

A

ISCHEMIC CVA

123
Q

WHICH TYPE OF CVA?
BLOOD VESSEL HAS BURST CAUSING BLEEDING INTO THE BRAIN.
o EX. SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE.
o SYMPTOMS ARE PERMANENT

A

HEMORRHAGIC CVA

124
Q 
TYPE OF CVA?
TEMPORARY REDUCTION OF BLOOD FLOW TO THE BRAIN
o	TEMPORARY SYMPTOMS &amp; RESOLVES SHORTLY 
      	HEADACHE
      	ONE SIDED WEAKNESS, DIZZINESS
      	FACIAL DROOPING
      	SLURRED SPEECH 
o	CAN BE A WARNING STROKE IS IMMINENT
A

TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA)

125
Q

ETIOLOGY OF _____________ STROKE:
•LARGE VESSEL DISEASE
o ATRIAL FIBRILLATION CAN CAUSE STROKE
o CARDIOEMBOLISM
o ATHEROSCLEROSIS – PLAQUE IN BLOOD VESSELS
•SMALL VESSEL DISEASE (LACUNAR INFARCT) – VESSELS DEEP IN VEINS

A

ISCHEMIC STROKE

126
Q

DEFINITION - STROKE THAT OCCURS IN YOUNG PERSONS WITH NO RISK FACTORS

A

CRYPTOGENIC

127
Q

DEFINITION - AREAS OF CELLS THAT ARE STILL ALIVE AND VIABLE IN REFERENCE TO STROKE.

A

PENUMBRA

128
Q

____________ STROKE IS CHARACTERIZED BY ACUTE ISCHEMIA IN AREA OCCLUDED BY THROMBUS/EMBOLUS SURROUNDED BY VIABLE CELLS (PENUMBRA)

A

ISCHEMIC

129
Q

PENUMBRA REMAINS VULNERABLE AS IT WILL DIE WITH FURTHER _______________

A

DEOXYGENATION

130
Q

TREATMENT OF ____________ STROKE:
TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (T-PA) WHEN ADMINISTERED WITHIN 4.5 HOURS FROM WHEN “LAST SEEN NORMAL”
o DISSOLVES CLOT

A

ISCHEMIC

131
Q

ISCHEMIC STROKE

TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (T-PA) WHEN ADMINISTERED WITHIN _____ HOURS FROM WHEN “LAST SEEN NORMAL”

A

4.5

132
Q

HEMORRHAGIC STROKE - ____________ INTO THE BRAIN

A

BLEEDING

133
Q

ETIOLOGY OF HEMORRHAGIC STROKE:

_______________ – BLOOD VESSEL BURSTS LEADS TO BRAIN BLEED

A

PRIMARY

134
Q

ETIOLOGY OF HEMORRHAGIC STROKE:
_______________ – UNDERLYING VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES (DISORDERS OF BLOOD VESSELS THAT CAN LEAD TO BLEEDING INTO THE INFARCTED SITE)

A

SECONDARY

135
Q

_________________ IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PRIMARY HEMORRHAGIC STROKE!

A

HYPERTENSION (75%)

136
Q

TREATMENT OF ____________ STROKE:

TO DO CAT SCAN, HAVE NEUROSURGEON SEE IT, AND SEE IF THEY CAN REPAIR IT.

A

HEMORRHAGIC

*CANNOT GIVE CLOT BUSTING MEDS, IT WILL MAKE BLEEDING WORSE

137
Q

DEFINITION – PARALYSIS IS ON OPPOSITE SIDE BRAIN IS AFFECTED. DYARTHRIA, DYSPHAGIA, SEIZURES, VISUAL IMPAIRMENT, HEADACHES, ETC…

A

CONTRALATERAL PARALYSIS

138
Q

Signs & Symptoms OF ____________

* dysarthria
* dysphagia
* paralysis
* seizures
* hemiplegia: paralysis on one-side of body (usually opposite side of lesion)
A

STROKE

139
Q

_______________ OF STROKE:

* effects of stroke are permanent
* effects of TIA are not permanent but can be a warning sign
* paralysis
	* skin breakdown
	* loss of speech
A

Complications

140
Q

INFECTION:
____________________
• INFLAMMATION OF THE LEPTOMENINGES & SUBARACHNOID SPACE
• MAY OCCUR SECONDARY TO PARANASAL SINUS OR EAR INFECTION

A

MENINGITIS

141
Q

INFECTION:
_________________ - CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
o HEADACHE
o FEVER
o PHOTOPHOBIA
o NUCHAL RIGIDITY – STIFF NECK,
o BRUDZINSKI’S SIGN – WHEN NECK IS FLEXED FORWARD THE HIP AND KNEE AUTOFLEX
o KERNIG’S SIGN – PERSON IS LYING ON THEIR BACK WITH HIPS FLEXED WHEN TRYING TO EXTEND LEG IT CAUSES MORE PAIN, AND CEREBRAL DYSFUNCTION
o TACHYPNEA
o SEIZURES
o CRANIAL NERVE INVOLVEMENT

A

MENINGITIS

142
Q

EVALUATION OF MENINGITIS IS DONE VIA ______________ ______________

A

LUMBAR PUNCTURE

143
Q

TREATMENT OF MENINGITIS INVOLVES __________________ & ________________

A

ANTIBIOTICS, CORTICOSTEROIDS

144
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ OF MENINGITIS:
o	HYDROCEPHALUS
o	HEADACHE
o	SEIZURES
o	DEAFNESS
o	PERSONALITY CHANGES
o	LANGUAGE DEFICITS
o	MOTOR WEAKNESS
o	ENDOCARDITIS
o	PNEUMONIA
o	DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULOPATHY (DIC)
A

COMPLICATIONS

145
Q

IF MENINGITIS IS LEFT UNTREATED A PERSON CAN HAVE _______________ & ______

A

SEIZURES & DIE

146
Q

DEFINITION – INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN

A

ENCEPHALITIS

147
Q

_______ ________ VIRUS is a form of encephalitis

A

West Nile Virus

148
Q

WHICH INFECTIVE NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION:
S&S
o FEVER, HEADACHE, NAUSEA
o USUALLY SELF-LIMITING BUT CAN PROGRESS TO COMA AND DEATH
o INCREASED RISK IN ELDERLY & THOSE WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS

A

ENCEPHALITIS

149
Q

________________ NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES

ALZHEIMER'S
HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
A

DEGENERATIVE

150
Q 
DEMENTIA IS NOT A DISEASE, IT IS A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ IN MEMORY &amp; COGNITIVE SKILLS SUCH AS:
o	MEMORY
o	COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE
o	ABILITY TO FOCUS AND PAY ATTENTION
o	REASONING AND JUDGMENT
o	VISUAL PERCEPTION
A

DECLINE

151
Q

DEMENTIA CAN SOMETIMES BE ______________

A

REVERSIBLE

152
Q

TYPES OF ______________:
o ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
o VASCULAR DEMENTIA

A

DEMENTIA

153
Q

DEFINITION - DISEASE THAT LEADS TO DEMENTIA

A

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

154
Q

ALZEIMER’S DISEASE IS NOT ______________ & IS NOT PART OF NORMAL AGING.

A

REVERSIBLE

155
Q

TWO MAJOR FEATURES OF ALZEIMER’S
o _________________ TANGLES
o ________ DEPOSITS

A

NEUROFIBRILLARY

PLAQUE

156
Q

PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER’S HAVE ABNORMAL ____ PROTEIN. IT ACCUMULATES AS DEPOSITS OF PLAQUE.

A

TAU

157
Q 
RISK FOR \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DISEASE
o	AGE
o	GENETICS 
o	FEMALE GENDER
o	CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
o	DIABETES
o	DOWN SYNDROME
o	HEAD INJURY
o	OTHER
A

ALZHEIMER’S

158
Q

WHICH DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE?

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT TRAIT – GENETIC DEFECT ON CHROMOSOME 4 (INHERITED DISEASE)

A

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

159
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
INDIVIDUAL HAS A _____% CHANCE OF INHERITING THE GENE FROM THEIR PARENTS. IF THEY INHERIT THE GENE THEY WILL GET THE DISEASE

A

50%

160
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

MOVEMENT DISORDER
 HUNTINGTON’S _________ – MOVING IN A RHYTHMIC TYPE OF FASHION

A

CHOREA

161
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ___________ DISEASE

o DEMENTIA
o IRRITABLE, ANGRY
o EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES
o TELL PEOPLE OFF

A

HUNTINGTON’S

162
Q

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

DEATH USUALLY OCCURS YOUNG AS A RESULT OF _____________ INFECTION

A

SECONDARY

163
Q

DOPAMINE PLAYS A ROLE IN ____________

A

POSTURE

164
Q

DOPAMINE DEFICIENCY CAUSES RESTING ________ AND ______________ GAIT

A

TREMORS

SHUFFLING

165
Q 
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DISEASE 
o	RIGIDITY, TREMOR, STOOPED POSTURE,
o	COGWHEEL RIGIDITY, BRADYKINESIA, 
o	PROPULSIVE/RETROPULSIVE GAIT, 
o	MASKLIKE FACIAL EXPRESSION,
o	DYSARTHRIA, DYSPHAGIA
A

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

166
Q

PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATION OF UPPER MOTOR NEURONS IN CEREBRAL CORTEX AND LOWER MOTOR NEURONS IN BRAIN STEM AND SPINAL CORD.
DEATH USUALLY OCCURS WITH 3-5 YEARS
• occurs in CENTRIPETAL DIRECTION (FINGERS TO ARMS)
• PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE WASTING AND ATROPHY OF HANDS, ARMS AND LEGS
• PATIENTS MAINTAIN SENSORY AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION

A

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

AKA LOU GEHRIG’S DISEASE

167
Q

WHICH DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER?
CAN OCCUR AFTER A VIRAL INFECTION. IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS ITSELF AND CAUSES DEMYELINATION IN PNS.
• FOLLOWS VIRAL INFECTION

A

GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME

168
Q

WHICH DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER?

• CHARACTERIZED BY ASCENDING PARALYSIS
• PARESTHESIA (PINS & NEEDLES) BEGINS IN FEET WORKS ITS WAY UP LEGS, ATAXIA, BLURRED VISION, DYSPHAGIA, DYSPNEA, RESP FAILURE
• CAN BE REVERSIBLE IF TREATED EARLY & AGGRESSIVELY BUT RECOVERY TAKES SOME TIME (SEVERAL MONTHS)
o TREATED WITH IMMUNOGLOBINS TO FIGHTS ANTIGENS THAT ARE TRYING TO DAMAGE PNS

A

GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME

169
Q

WHICH DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER?

  • PROGRESSIVE DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS – SLOWS NEURONS SIGNAL
  • CAN BE AUTOIMMUNE AS WELL
  • ONSET: 20-40 YEARS; FEMALES>MALES; TEMPERATE CLIMATE; 15% HAVE AFFECTED RELATIVE; ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

170
Q

WHICH DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER?

  • CHARACTERIZED BY REMISSIONS & EXACERBATIONS
  • CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: FATIGUE, DIPLOPIA, ATAXIA, IMBALANCE, UNCOORDINATED GAIT, BLURRED VISION, PROGRESSIVE PARALYSIS
  • VARIES DEPENDING ON INDIVIDUALS
A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

171
Q

WHICH DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER?

• CHRONIC DISEASE WITH FLAIR UPS SUCH AS:
o PAROXYSMAL ATTACKS
• EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
o NO CURE
o LIMIT EXTENT OF DAMAGE AND SLOW DISEASE PROGRESSION

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

172
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL ERRORS:

• NONPROGRESSIVE, PERMANENT ENCEPHALOPATHY OCCURRING PRENATALLY, PERINATALLY, OR POSTNATALLY

A

CEREBRAL PALSY

173
Q

ALL TYPES OF CEREBRAL PALSY EFFECTS _______ FUNCTION

A

MOTOR

174
Q

CEREBRAL PALSY CAN CAUSE SEVERE MENTAL _________ OR NONE AT ALL

A

DEFICITS

175
Q

HYDROCEPHALUS – ACCUMULATION OF ______________ INSIDE VENTRICLES IN BRAIN

A

WATER

176
Q

HYDROCEPHALUS CAN DEVELOP AFTER ________________

A

MENINGITIS

177
Q

THE AQUEDUCT THAT NORMALLY DRAINS CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID BECOMES _________ & COLLECTS FLUID CAUSING HYDROCEPHALUS.

A

BLOCKED

178
Q

TREATMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS:
• A _________ IS INSERTED TO DRAIN THE VENTRICLES INTO THE PERITONEAL CAVITY.
o MUST BE CAREFUL NOT TO DEVELOP HEAD INJURY
o MAY DEVELOP SEIZURES

A

SHUNT

179
Q

WHEN NECK IS FLEXED FORWARD THE HIP AND KNEE AUTOFLEX

A

o BRUDZINSKI’S SIGN –

180
Q

PERSON IS LYING ON THEIR BACK WITH HIPS FLEXED WHEN TRYING TO EXTEND LEG IT CAUSES MORE PAIN, AND CEREBRAL DYSFUNCTION

A

o KERNIG’S SIGN –

RACHEL - PATHO I FINAL (2 decks)

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