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Biology > Unit 1 Vocabulary Mastery > Flashcards

Unit 1 Vocabulary Mastery Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hypothesis

A

What you expect to happen in an experiment. (something that can be tested an that those tests can be replicated)

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2
Q

Theory

A

A scientific theory summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing

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3
Q

Prediction

A

Suggests the data that are consistent with the hypothesis and thus can pertain to future and past experimental outcomes

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4
Q

Experiment

A

a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried

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5
Q

Data

A

information collected using specific methods for a specific purpose of studying or analyzing

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6
Q

Control group

A

the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied

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7
Q

Experimental Group

A

group that receives a treatment in an experiment

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8
Q

Equipment

A

a specific piece of machinery, apparatus, process module, or device used to execute an operation

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable that is intentionally changed in the experiment

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10
Q

Dependent variable

A

the variable that responds to the changes in the independent variable

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11
Q

Constants

A

the things that are kept the same each time one of the trials in the experiment is repeated

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12
Q

Conclusion

A

a statement based on experimental measurements and observations

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13
Q

Observation

A

the act of knowing and recording something

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14
Q

Measurement

A

the process of associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena.

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15
Q

Graphing

A

represents the variation of a variable in comparison with that of one or more other variables

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16
Q

Experimental design

A

the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis statement

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17
Q

Biochemistry

A

the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level

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18
Q

Polymerization

A

the process to create polymers (a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units)

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19
Q

Monomer

A

small molecules, mostly organic, that can join with other similar molecules to form very large molecules, or polymers

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20
Q

Dimer

A

a compound formed by the union of two radicals or two molecules of a simpler compound

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21
Q

Polymer

A

a chemical compound that is made of small molecules that are arranged in a simple repeating structure to form a larger molecule

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22
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

combines two amino acids to form a protein (water molecule is released)

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23
Q

Condensation reaction

A

in which two molecules combine, usually in the presence of a catalyst, with elimination of water or some other simple molecule

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24
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of substances by water

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25
Q

Carbohydrates

A

are sugar molecules (Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body’s cells, tissues, and organs)

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26
Q

Monosaccharides

A

the most simple sugars, containing three to seven carbon atoms in each molecule

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27
Q

Disaccharides

A

any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other

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28
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymeric carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic linkages

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29
Q

Macromolecule

A

a very large molecule, as a colloidal particle, protein, or especially a polymer, composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms

30
Q

Lipids

A

fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water

31
Q

Glycerol

A

a simple polyol compound (a trihydroxy sugar alcohol with three carbon atoms and three hydroxyl groups)

32
Q

Fatty acids

A

the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat

33
Q

Proteins

A

a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds

34
Q

Amino acids

A

molecules that combine to form proteins (an organic chemical)

35
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

36
Q

Active site

A

the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

37
Q

Substrate

A

the base on which an organism lives (the medium in which a chemical reaction occurs or the reagent in a process that provides a surface for absorption)

38
Q

Denature

A

to deprive of natural qualities (process modifying the molecular structure of a protein)

39
Q

Reactant

A

a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction

40
Q

Product

A

a substance obtained from another substance through chemical change

41
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum amount of extra energy required by a reacting molecule to get converted into product

42
Q

Nucleic acids

A

large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses

43
Q

Nucleotide

A

one of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA

44
Q

DNA

A

The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

45
Q

RNA

A

a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA, however RNA is most often single-stranded (Ribonucleic Acid)

46
Q

Represent

A

the important and useful relationship that holds between scientific sources (for example, models, theories, and data models) and their targets

47
Q

Approximate

A

using a simpler process or model when the correct model is difficult to use. An approximate model is used to make calculations easier. (anything that is similar, but not exactly equal, to something else)

48
Q

Principle

A

A source, or origin; that from which anything proceeds; fundamental substance or energy; primordial substance; ultimate element, or cause

49
Q

Optimum

A

the amount or degree of something that is most favorable to some end

50
Q

Valid

A

The extent to which a measurement, test or study measures what it purports to measure (he degree to which a study or questionnaire accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure)

51
Q

Cease

A

to bring an activity or action to an end

52
Q

Alter

A

to change; become different or modified

53
Q

Organic

A

if it contains at least one carbon atom, regardless of its source. (Organic molecules = carbon + hydrogen bonded together)

54
Q

Inorganic

A

a substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

55
Q

Polar

A

when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms

56
Q

Nonpolar

A

when electrons are shared equal between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out

57
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds

58
Q

Covalent bond

A

the equal sharing of an electron pair by two atoms (formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms of two elements, such as between two non-metals)

59
Q

Ionic bond

A

(type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound)

60
Q

Adhesion

A

the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind

61
Q

Cohesion

A

the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

62
Q

Glycosidic linkages

A

a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate

63
Q

Saturated fat

A

a type of fatty acid that lacks unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms (a fatty acid in which the hydrocarbon molecules have a hydrogen atom on every carbon and thus are fully hydrogenated)

64
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

contain one or more double or triple bonds between the molecules (a fatty acid in which the hydrocarbon molecules have two carbons that share double or triple bond(s) and are therefore not completely saturated with hydrogen atoms)

65
Q

Triglycerides

A

consists of a glycerol backbone esterified with three fatty acids

66
Q

Peptide bonding

A

a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule

67
Q

Carboxyl group

A

a combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom (an organic, functional group consisting of a carbon atom that’s double-bonded to an oxygen atom and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group)

68
Q

Amino group

A

a functional group that consists of a single nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

69
Q

Steroid hormone

A

a group of hormones derived from cholesterol that act as chemical messengers in the body

70
Q

Peptide hormone

A

hormones that are made of small chains of amino acids

Biology (1 decks)

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