Unit 1 Vocabulary Mastery Flashcards
Hypothesis
What you expect to happen in an experiment. (something that can be tested an that those tests can be replicated)
Theory
A scientific theory summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing
Prediction
Suggests the data that are consistent with the hypothesis and thus can pertain to future and past experimental outcomes
Experiment
a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried
Data
information collected using specific methods for a specific purpose of studying or analyzing
Control group
the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied
Experimental Group
group that receives a treatment in an experiment
Equipment
a specific piece of machinery, apparatus, process module, or device used to execute an operation
Independent Variable
the variable that is intentionally changed in the experiment
Dependent variable
the variable that responds to the changes in the independent variable
Constants
the things that are kept the same each time one of the trials in the experiment is repeated
Conclusion
a statement based on experimental measurements and observations
Observation
the act of knowing and recording something
Measurement
the process of associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena.
Graphing
represents the variation of a variable in comparison with that of one or more other variables
Experimental design
the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis statement
Biochemistry
the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level
Polymerization
the process to create polymers (a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units)
Monomer
small molecules, mostly organic, that can join with other similar molecules to form very large molecules, or polymers
Dimer
a compound formed by the union of two radicals or two molecules of a simpler compound
Polymer
a chemical compound that is made of small molecules that are arranged in a simple repeating structure to form a larger molecule
Dehydration synthesis
combines two amino acids to form a protein (water molecule is released)
Condensation reaction
in which two molecules combine, usually in the presence of a catalyst, with elimination of water or some other simple molecule
Hydrolysis
the chemical breakdown of substances by water
Carbohydrates
are sugar molecules (Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body’s cells, tissues, and organs)
Monosaccharides
the most simple sugars, containing three to seven carbon atoms in each molecule
Disaccharides
any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other
Polysaccharides
polymeric carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic linkages
Macromolecule
a very large molecule, as a colloidal particle, protein, or especially a polymer, composed of hundreds or thousands of atoms
Lipids
fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water
Glycerol
a simple polyol compound (a trihydroxy sugar alcohol with three carbon atoms and three hydroxyl groups)
Fatty acids
the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat
Proteins
a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds
Amino acids
molecules that combine to form proteins (an organic chemical)
Enzymes
proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies
Active site
the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction
Substrate
the base on which an organism lives (the medium in which a chemical reaction occurs or the reagent in a process that provides a surface for absorption)
Denature
to deprive of natural qualities (process modifying the molecular structure of a protein)
Reactant
a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction
Product
a substance obtained from another substance through chemical change
Activation energy
the minimum amount of extra energy required by a reacting molecule to get converted into product
Nucleic acids
large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses
Nucleotide
one of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA
DNA
The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA
a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA, however RNA is most often single-stranded (Ribonucleic Acid)
Represent
the important and useful relationship that holds between scientific sources (for example, models, theories, and data models) and their targets
Approximate
using a simpler process or model when the correct model is difficult to use. An approximate model is used to make calculations easier. (anything that is similar, but not exactly equal, to something else)
Principle
A source, or origin; that from which anything proceeds; fundamental substance or energy; primordial substance; ultimate element, or cause
Optimum
the amount or degree of something that is most favorable to some end
Valid
The extent to which a measurement, test or study measures what it purports to measure (he degree to which a study or questionnaire accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure)
Cease
to bring an activity or action to an end
Alter
to change; become different or modified
Organic
if it contains at least one carbon atom, regardless of its source. (Organic molecules = carbon + hydrogen bonded together)
Inorganic
a substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
Polar
when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms
Nonpolar
when electrons are shared equal between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out
Hydrogen bond
an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds
Covalent bond
the equal sharing of an electron pair by two atoms (formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms of two elements, such as between two non-metals)
Ionic bond
(type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound)
Adhesion
the attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind
Cohesion
the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind
Glycosidic linkages
a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
Saturated fat
a type of fatty acid that lacks unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms (a fatty acid in which the hydrocarbon molecules have a hydrogen atom on every carbon and thus are fully hydrogenated)
Unsaturated fat
contain one or more double or triple bonds between the molecules (a fatty acid in which the hydrocarbon molecules have two carbons that share double or triple bond(s) and are therefore not completely saturated with hydrogen atoms)
Triglycerides
consists of a glycerol backbone esterified with three fatty acids
Peptide bonding
a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule
Carboxyl group
a combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom (an organic, functional group consisting of a carbon atom that’s double-bonded to an oxygen atom and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group)
Amino group
a functional group that consists of a single nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms
Steroid hormone
a group of hormones derived from cholesterol that act as chemical messengers in the body
Peptide hormone
hormones that are made of small chains of amino acids
