Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology 71M > Unit 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 1 Vocab Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Disaccharide

A

a double sugar consisting of two monosaccharides by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Macromolecules. a polymer of many monosaccharides formed by dehydration reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Macromolecules

A

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monomer

A

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Enzymes

A

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Condensation reaction

A

The reaction that connects a monomer to another monomer or a polymer. Two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A sugar or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glycogen

A

An extensively branched glucose polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chitin

A

A structural polysaccharide consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lipids

A

Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that mix poorly, if at all, with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fat

A

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called triacylglycerol or triglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fatty Acid

A

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Trans fats

A

An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phospholipids

A

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. forms bilayers that function as biological membranes

24
Q

Steroids

A

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with carious chemical groups attached.

25
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.

26
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

27
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by a peptide bond

28
Q

Protein

A

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional shape

29
Q

Amino acid

A

an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. serves as the monomers of polypeptides.

30
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

31
Q

Primary Structure

A

The level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids

32
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to the hydrogen bonding between the constituents of a backbone (not the side chains)

33
Q

Alpha helix

A

A coiled region consisting of one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains)

34
Q

Beta pleated sheet

A

One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. two regions of the chain lie parallel and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).

35
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

36
Q

Hydrophobic interaction

A

A type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water

37
Q

Disulfide bridges

A

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer

38
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The particular shape of a complex aggregate protein defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide

39
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A

A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the alpha globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cells shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals

40
Q

Denaturation

A

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions; in DNA, the separation of two strands of a double helix. occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature

41
Q

x-ray crystallography

A

A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule

42
Q

Chaperone proteins

A

proteins that help other proteins reform their shape

43
Q

Gene

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

44
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blue print for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA

45
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cells protein

46
Q

Ribonucleic Acid

A

A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded, functions in protein synthesis, in gene-regulation, and as the genome of some viruses`

47
Q

Polynucleotides

A

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA

48
Q

Nucleotides

A

The building block of a nucleic acid, a monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups.

49
Q

Pyrimidine

A

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-member ring. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

50
Q

Purines

A

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine, guanine, and purine

51
Q

Deoxyribose

A

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA molecules

52
Q

Ribose

A

The sugar component of RNA Nucleotides

53
Q

Double Helix

A

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

54
Q

Antiparallel

A

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5’ –> 3’ directions)

55
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large sets of data

56
Q

Genomics

A

The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons within species

57
Q

Proteomics

A

The systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions

General Biology 71M (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions