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Ap Psychology > Unit 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 1 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

A

Critical Thinking

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2
Q

the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

A

Empiricism

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3
Q

created the first psychology department; his experiments led to metacognition (being aware/understanding one’s thoughts)

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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4
Q

Wundt’s student who used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements -> introduced structuralism

A

Bradford Titchener

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5
Q

an early school of psychology that used introspection (observation of one’s mind mental and emotional process) to explore the elemental structure of the human

A

Structuralism

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6
Q

founder of functionalism; he thought that human functions, such as hearing and smelling, were adaptive; consciousness was a function that allows us to consider our past, adjust to our present, and plan our future

A

William James

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7
Q

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes.

A

Introspection

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8
Q

the first woman admitted into James’ graduate seminar; She surpassed all of the male student’s scores on qualifying exams; She was denied a degree from Harvard and instead was offered a lesser degree from their “sister” school -> she refused it and resisted the unequal treatment

A

Mary Calkins

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9
Q

an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

A

Functionalism

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10
Q

(Watson and Skinner) the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

A

Behaviorism

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11
Q

a historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

A

Humanistic Psych

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12
Q

the study of mental processes, such as occurs when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

A

Cognitive Psych

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13
Q

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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14
Q

the science of behavior and mental processes

A

Psychology

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15
Q

the long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

A

Nature-Nurture Issue

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16
Q

the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

A

Natural Selection

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17
Q

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

A

Evolutionary Psych

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18
Q

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

A

Behavior Genetics

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19
Q

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

Culture

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20
Q

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

A

Positive Psych

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21
Q

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints

A

Biopsychosocial Approach

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22
Q

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

A

Behavioral Psych

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23
Q

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes (neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, etc.)

A

Biological Psych

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24
Q

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

A

Psychodynamic Psych

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25
Q

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

A

Social-Cultural Psych

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26
Q

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information (aka retrieval practice effect)

A

Testing Effect

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27
Q

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

A

SQ3R

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28
Q

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitude, and traits

A

Psychometrics

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29
Q

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

A

Basic Research

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30
Q

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

A

Developmental Psych

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31
Q

the study of how psychological processes affect can enhance teaching and learning

A

Educational Psych

32
Q

the study of individuals’ characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

A

Personality Psych

33
Q

the scientific study of how we think about influence and relate to one another

A

Social Psych

34
Q

a scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

A

Applied Research

35
Q

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

A

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psych

36
Q

a field of psych allied with I/O psych that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

A

Human Factor Psych

37
Q

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being (ex: school counselor)

A

Counseling Psych

38
Q

a branch of psych that studies, asses, and treats people with psychological disorders

A

Clinical Psych

39
Q

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy (basically a therapist who can prescribe meds)

A

Psychiatry

40
Q

a branch of psych that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

A

Community Psych

41
Q

the tendency to believe, after learning and outcome, that one would have foreseen it (aka I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

A

Hindsight Bias

42
Q

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors/events

A

Theory

43
Q

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study; ex: human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

A

Operational Definition

44
Q

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

A

Replication

45
Q

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

Case Study

46
Q

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

A

Naturalistic Observation

47
Q

a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes/behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

A

Survey

48
Q

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

A

Sampling Bias

49
Q

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn (does not apply to a country’s whole pop. unless it is a national study)

A

Population

50
Q

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

Random Sample

51
Q

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other (how closely two variables are related)

A

Correlation

52
Q

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to 1.00)

A

Correlation Coefficient

53
Q

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

A

Variable

54
Q

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables -> the slope suggests the direction of the relationship; the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (tighter the line, higher the correlation)

A

Scatterplot

55
Q

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship (all in your ✨imagination✨)

A

Illusory Correlation

56
Q

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average (outliers correcting)

A

Regression towards the Mean

57
Q

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more independent factors to observe the effect on some behavior/mental process (dependent variable); random assignment of participants -> aims to control other relevant factors (confounding variable)

A

Experiment

58
Q

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment that is, to one version of the independent variable (gets the drug/experiment)

A

Experimental Group

59
Q

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment (placebo effect group)

A

Control Group

60
Q

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

A

Random Assignment

61
Q

an experimental procedure in which both participants and staff are ignorant/blind about whether the participants have received the treatment (a variable that they are experimenting with) or a placebo

A

Double-Blind Procedure

62
Q

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition (false treatment/nothing that will actually help the participant), which the recipient assumes is an active agent

A

Placebo

63
Q

in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied (what they are changing)

A

Independent Variable

64
Q

a factor other than the factor(s) being studied that might influence a study’s results (not part of the study’s purpose itself; however still influences it)

A

Confounding Variable

65
Q

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured (changes based off of the independent variable)

A

Dependent Variable

66
Q

the extent to which a test/experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do

A

Validity

67
Q

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

Informed Consent

68
Q

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions to its participants (basically what they did to the participant)

A

Debriefing

69
Q

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

A

Descriptive Statistics

70
Q

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

A

Histogram

71
Q

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

A

Skewed Distribution

72
Q

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

Range

73
Q

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

A

Standard Deviation

74
Q

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (average) with fewer and fewer in the near extremes

A

Normal Curve (Bell-Curve)

75
Q

numerical data that allow one to generalize —- infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

A

Inferential Stats

76
Q

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

A

Statistical Significance

Ap Psychology (2 decks)

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