Unit 1 Vascular Plants Flashcards
Define Vascular Plants
All have tracheids
-the type of xylem in the sporophyte
Define Land Plants
Shares a common ancestor with the green algae
-includes nonvascular/vascular plants
Seedless Vascular Plant Phyla
Lycopodiophyta
Common Name: (types)
Lycopodium, Isoetes, Selaginella, Phylloglossum
Seedless Vascular Plant Phyla
Pteridophyta (horsetails)
Common Name:
Equisetum
Seedless Vascular Plant Phyla
Pteridophyta (whisk ferns)
Common Name:
Psilotum and Tmesipteris
Seedless Vascular Plant Phyla
Pteridophyta
Common Name:
in general ferns
Vascular Plant Phyla With Seeds
Gymnosperms
What are the four types of gymnosperms?
1) Coniferophyta (conifers)
2) Ginkgophyta (maidenhair tree)
3) Cycadophyta (cycads)
4) Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
Ginkgophyta
- produces seeds
- have tracheids, vascular tissue
- separate (male or female)
- gymnosperm
Cycadophyta
- produces cones,
- grows in tropical weather
- is male or female
- has tracheids, vascular tissue
- gymnosperm
Vascular Plant Phyla With Seeds
Anthophyta (angiosperms; flowering plants)
A plant in the phylum Anthophyta
- has vascular tissue/tracheids
- has flowers
- produces seeds
- angiosperm
How many species exist?
~4-5 million different kinds of organisms have evolved that survive until now
-Only 1.8 million have a description and been classified
Taxonomy
1) Classification
2) Nomenclature
3) Identification
Classification
Placing organisms into groups based on their similarity
-the biological hierarchy
Nomenclature
Naming organisms
Identification
Refers an unknown organism to a named group
What are the domains?
Domains: Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
What are the kingdoms?
Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What is the classification of maize (corn)?
Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Anthophyta (root -ophyta) Class: Monocotyledones Order: Commelinales (root -ales) Family: Poaceae (root -aeceae) Genus: Zea Species: Zea mays (italicized or underlined)
Which scientist described and named 12,000+ species using a binomial system?
Linnaeus
Evolutionary Trees
A phylogeny tries to explain the history and pattern of evolutionary change within a group. It is a hypothesis.
Ancestral Trait
Exists in the common ancestor
- Inherited with little change
- Should share traits
Derived Trait
Is unique to the descendants
- changed recently
- organisms are mixtures of both types of traits
Homology
Similarity due to descent from a common ancestor
- ancestral trait
- has the same relationship to other features
- developed from the same group of cells in the embryo
- a mutation can create a derived trait
Homoplasy
Similarity caused by convergence or reversal
Convergent Evolution
Similarities in morphology that evolve independently in unrelated or distantly related species
-natural selection favors similar structures since they inhabit similar environments
Cladistics (phylogenetics)
Emphasizes the history of descent
- only uses derived traits
- uses homologous traits
- only recognizes monophyletic groups (clades)
(point of node) . —A
- --B
- --C (one set of clade)
. —D
Monophyly
A monophyletic group contains the common ancestor and all of its descendants
What is a cladogram?
Evolutionary tree
- (character matrix–>all traits, more closely related to the common ancestor)
- Tree using one trait or multiple traits
Paraphyletic
In biological taxonomy it is the grouping of organisms where all the members of the group have a common ancestor but the group does not include all the descendants of the common ancestor
-includes more than one node (meaning each organism that is classified underneath it doesn’t have the common ancestor throughout)
Polyphyly
Characterized by one or more homoplasies: phenotypes which have converged or reversal (appear to be the same) but which has not inherited from common ancestors
OR
Describe multiple ancestral sources regardless of convergence
