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Biology Units 1 &2 Flashcards > Unit 1 Topic 1: Cells as the basis of life > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topic 1: Cells as the basis of life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the seven basic cell requirements?

A

Nutrition
Metabolism
Growth
Response to stimuli
Excretion
Homeostasis
Reproduction

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2
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialized subunits within a cell that has a specific function

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The insoluble boundary of all living cells that maintains the contents of the cell and regulates movement of nutrients in and out of the cell

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4
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples include algae and bacteria

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5
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A complex type of cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples include humans and animals

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6
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

All the fluid, dissolved materials and organelles between the cell and nuclear membrane

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7
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A type of lipid that maintains membrane fluidity

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8
Q

What is a channel protein?

A

A protein that forms channels within membranes to allow transport across the cell membrane

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9
Q

What is a protein channel?

A

A channel formed within the cell membrane for the movement of specific substances

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10
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Transport that does not require energy. Examples include osmosis and diffusion

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11
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport that requires energy. Examples include phagocytosis and exocytosis

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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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13
Q

What does selectively/differentially permeable mean?

A

A quality of the cell membrane that only allows certain substances in and out of the cell

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14
Q

What is the external environment?

A

The environment surrounding the cell

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15
Q

What does bilayer mean?

A

A double layer

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16
Q

What is the internal environment?

A

All material contained within the cell

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17
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Dissolves in water

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18
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

A type of lipid in which the phosphate head is hydrophilic and the two fat tails are hydrophobic

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19
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Tending to avoid association with water

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20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute to a region of high solute

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21
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process of turning water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen with the goal of producing food for the plant

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22
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process of turning glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water with the goal of producing energy for the cell

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23
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

A group of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Important as structural compartments and energy sources

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24
Q

What is starch?

A

An important energy-storing polysaccharide in plants

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25
Q

What is glycogen?

A

An important glucose-storing polysaccharide in animals

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26
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

An information molecule that is the universal basis of an organism’s material; it contains information contained in a chemical code about the production of proteins by a cell

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27
Q

What is ribonucleic acid?

A

The single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis

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28
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

A small structure in cells that builds amino acids into complex proteins; this organelle is not bound by a membrane

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29
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The part of the cytoplasm containing highly organised fluid material with dissolved substances; excluding the organelles

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30
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A cytoplasmic organelle containing digestive enzymes

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31
Q

What is cellular metabolism?

A

All of the chemical processes occurring in a living cell

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32
Q

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

The substance formed when an enzyme and substrate combine

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33
Q

What is an equilibrium reaction?

A

A chemical reaction in which the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates

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34
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

A small inorganic substance that is required in addition to an enzyme to catalyse a reaction

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35
Q

What is light-dependent stage?

A

The first stage of photosynthesis, when light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll; water molecules split to form oxygen, hydrogen and ATP

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36
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

An energy-yielding process occurring in the cell cytosol in which glucose is partially broken down to pyruvate in enzyme reactions that do not require oxygen; this first stage of cellular respiration produces two ATP molecules

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37
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A

A biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration; the second stage of aerobic cellular respiration

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38
Q

What is lactic acid fementation?

A

A form of anaerobic respiration that occurs in animal cells and some anaerobic bacteria; glucose is converted to lactic acid

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39
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which unspecialised cells develop special characteristics to suit particular functions

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40
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function

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41
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

A type of tissue made up of thin, very long thread-like cells called muscle fibres that contract when stimulated

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42
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

A type of tissue containing cells that are highly specialised for transmission of nerve impulses

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43
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

A type of tissue containing cells that line internal and external surfaces such as blood vessels, digestive organs and airways

44
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

A type of organic acid that combines with glycerol to form a fat molecule

45
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The organelle in a eukaryotic cell containing most of its DNA; its function is to coordinate cell activities

46
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of chemical reactions that maintain life within an organism

47
Q

What is metabolic heat?

A

The heat generated by chemical reactions of metabolism

48
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; a member of domains Archaea of Bacteria

49
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A specialised structure of compartment within a cell that has a specific function

50
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A complex type of cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; a member of domain Eukarya

51
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

An organelle within the cytoplasm that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration, which releases energy for the cell

52
Q

What is an intracellular enzyme?

A

An enzyme that functions inside the cell that produces it

53
Q

What is an extracellular enzyme?

A

An enzyme that is produced by cells but crosses the membrane to function outside of cells

54
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy required to initiate a reaction

55
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The substance that enters a reaction, also known as a reactant

56
Q

What is the active site?

A

The place on the surface of the enzyme where the substrate molecules attach

57
Q

What is the lock-and-key model?

A

A model suggesting that the shape of a substrate molecule is an exact fit to fit to the shape of the active site

58
Q

What is the induced-fit model?

A

A model to explain that the shape of an enzyme’s active site undergoes specific changes to achieve a high degree of specificity with the substrate

59
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The process of enzymes denaturing due to temperature and/or pH, destroying the shape and function

60
Q

What is a non-competitive inhibitor?

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site; this changes the shape of the enzyme so that the substrate can no longer bind to the active site

61
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

A substance that competes with a substrate for an enzyme’s active site

62
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate?

A

A low-energy compound composed to adenine and ribose and two phosphate groups attached; it is converted to ATP for energy sotrage when it gains a phosphate

63
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

A substance that competes with a substrate for an enzyme’s active site

64
Q

What is the light independent stage

A

The second stage of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and ATP produce carbohydrates through a series of reactions

65
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

A

A metabolic reaction that requires oxygen to produce energy for the cell

66
Q

What is an aerobe?

A

An organism that requires oxygen

67
Q

What is an anaerobe?

A

An organism that does not require oxygen

68
Q

What is pyruvate?

A

The end product of glycolysis

69
Q

What is alcohol fermentation?

A

a form of anaerobic respiration; glucose is converted to ethanol

70
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

an unspecialised, immature cell

71
Q

What is an organ?

A

a collection of different types of tissues working together

72
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

a type of tissue that supports, strengthens and protects structures of the body

73
Q

what is a system?

A

A group of organs working together to achieve a specific purpose

74
Q

What is an alveolus?

A

a tiny air sac located on the end of a bronchiole

75
Q

What is a capillary?

A

a very narrow blood vessel found between arteries and veins; part of a branching network that reaches to within a small distance of every body cell

76
Q

What is a gill?

A

the gas exchange structure of a fish

77
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

blood, blood vessels and heart working together to ensure all necessary materials are carried around the body to and from cells

78
Q

What is the closed circulatory system?

A

a type of circulatory system in which blood is confined to a series of paths or vessels

79
Q

What is an artery?

A

a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart

80
Q

What is a vein?

A

a vessel that carries blood to the heart

81
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

the iron-containing protein molecule in red blood cells that attracts and binds oxygen and gives blood its red colour

82
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

the physical breakdown and/or mixing of ingested substances, with no chemical change occurring

83
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

the breakdown of large molecules progressively into smaller molecules in chemical reactions catalysed by digestive enzymes

84
Q

What is villus?

A

an elongated projection from the lining of the small intestine that hugely increases the surface area and thus the capacity for exchange of materials

85
Q

What is an epithelial cell?

A

a cell in a sheet of cells covering any external or internal surface in a multicellular organism

86
Q

What is vascular?

A

describes vessels that conduct fluid

87
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

the surface layer of cells on an organism

88
Q

What are guard cells?

A

a pair of crescent-shaped cells that enable the opening and closing of a stoma

89
Q

What is mesophyll?

A

a chloroplast-containing cell in plant leaves that performs photosynthesis

90
Q

What is turgidity?

A

the state of being swollen with water, which usually causes the cell to become turgid

91
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

a thin, transparent layer of wax on the outside of a leaf’s epidermis to reduce water loss

92
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll?

A

a densely packed layer of elongated cells that have many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

93
Q

What is chloroplast?

A

an organelle in mesophyll tissue that utilises light energy to make glucose through photosynthesis

94
Q

What is spongy mesophyll?

A

a loosely arranged layer of irregularly shaped cells that have a few chloroplasts for photosynthesis and plenty of air spaces

95
Q

What is the xylem?

A

the vascular tissue in plants, consisting of dead cells, responsible for the bulk transport of water and nutrients

96
Q

What is the phloem?

A

the vascular tissue in plants, consisting of living cells, responsible for the transport of sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant

97
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

a substance required by living organisms that are not directly involved in energy production, such as dissolved salts and vitamins

98
Q

What is a sieve tube cell?

A

a long tubular plant cell without a nucleus that forms sieve tubes, the main component of the phloem

99
Q

What is a companion cell?

A

a specialised plant cell situated beside the sieve tubes in the phloem, which provides most of the cell functions for the sieve tube cells

100
Q

What is a sieve plate?

A

the tough cellulose cells between sieve tube cells that contain pores to allow the cytoplasm to flow between cells

101
Q

What is a root hair?

A

a thin extension of a root epidermal cell that greatly increases the cell’s surface area

102
Q

What is root pressure?

A

the pressure, caused by the uptake of water in the roots, that forces water further up the stem

103
Q

What is transpiration?

A

the loss of water from plants through evaporation

104
Q

What is sap?

A

the thick, sugary cytoplasm that fills the phloem of plants

105
Q

What is translocation?

A

the bulk movement of substances around an organism

106
Q
A

Biology Units 1 &2 Flashcards (1 decks)

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