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Biology Units 1 &2 Flashcards > Unit 1 Topic 1: Cells as the basis of life > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topic 1: Cells as the basis of life Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven basic cell requirements?

A

Nutrition
Metabolism
Growth
Response to stimuli
Excretion
Homeostasis
Reproduction

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2
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialized subunits within a cell that has a specific function

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The insoluble boundary of all living cells that maintains the contents of the cell and regulates movement of nutrients in and out of the cell

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4
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples include algae and bacteria

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5
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A complex type of cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples include humans and animals

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6
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

All the fluid, dissolved materials and organelles between the cell and nuclear membrane

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7
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A type of lipid that maintains membrane fluidity

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8
Q

What is a channel protein?

A

A protein that forms channels within membranes to allow transport across the cell membrane

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9
Q

What is a protein channel?

A

A channel formed within the cell membrane for the movement of specific substances

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10
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Transport that does not require energy. Examples include osmosis and diffusion

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11
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport that requires energy. Examples include phagocytosis and exocytosis

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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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13
Q

What does selectively/differentially permeable mean?

A

A quality of the cell membrane that only allows certain substances in and out of the cell

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14
Q

What is the external environment?

A

The environment surrounding the cell

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15
Q

What does bilayer mean?

A

A double layer

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16
Q

What is the internal environment?

A

All material contained within the cell

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17
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Dissolves in water

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18
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

A type of lipid in which the phosphate head is hydrophilic and the two fat tails are hydrophobic

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19
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Tending to avoid association with water

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20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute to a region of high solute

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21
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process of turning water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen with the goal of producing food for the plant

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22
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process of turning glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water with the goal of producing energy for the cell

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23
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

A group of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Important as structural compartments and energy sources

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24
Q

What is starch?

A

An important energy-storing polysaccharide in plants

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25
What is glycogen?
An important glucose-storing polysaccharide in animals
26
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
An information molecule that is the universal basis of an organism's material; it contains information contained in a chemical code about the production of proteins by a cell
27
What is ribonucleic acid?
The single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis
28
What is a ribosome?
A small structure in cells that builds amino acids into complex proteins; this organelle is not bound by a membrane
29
What is cytosol?
The part of the cytoplasm containing highly organised fluid material with dissolved substances; excluding the organelles
30
What is a lysosome?
A cytoplasmic organelle containing digestive enzymes
31
What is cellular metabolism?
All of the chemical processes occurring in a living cell
32
What is the enzyme-substrate complex?
The substance formed when an enzyme and substrate combine
33
What is an equilibrium reaction?
A chemical reaction in which the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates
34
What is a cofactor?
A small inorganic substance that is required in addition to an enzyme to catalyse a reaction
35
What is light-dependent stage?
The first stage of photosynthesis, when light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll; water molecules split to form oxygen, hydrogen and ATP
36
What is glycolysis?
An energy-yielding process occurring in the cell cytosol in which glucose is partially broken down to pyruvate in enzyme reactions that do not require oxygen; this first stage of cellular respiration produces two ATP molecules
37
What is the Krebs cycle?
A biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration; the second stage of aerobic cellular respiration
38
What is lactic acid fementation?
A form of anaerobic respiration that occurs in animal cells and some anaerobic bacteria; glucose is converted to lactic acid
39
What is differentiation?
The process by which unspecialised cells develop special characteristics to suit particular functions
40
What are tissues?
A group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function
41
What is muscle tissue?
A type of tissue made up of thin, very long thread-like cells called muscle fibres that contract when stimulated
42
What is nervous tissue?
A type of tissue containing cells that are highly specialised for transmission of nerve impulses
43
What is epithelial tissue?
A type of tissue containing cells that line internal and external surfaces such as blood vessels, digestive organs and airways
44
What are fatty acids?
A type of organic acid that combines with glycerol to form a fat molecule
45
What is a nucleus?
The organelle in a eukaryotic cell containing most of its DNA; its function is to coordinate cell activities
46
What is metabolism?
The sum of chemical reactions that maintain life within an organism
47
What is metabolic heat?
The heat generated by chemical reactions of metabolism
48
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; a member of domains Archaea of Bacteria
49
What is an organelle?
A specialised structure of compartment within a cell that has a specific function
50
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A complex type of cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; a member of domain Eukarya
51
What is the mitochondria?
An organelle within the cytoplasm that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration, which releases energy for the cell
52
What is an intracellular enzyme?
An enzyme that functions inside the cell that produces it
53
What is an extracellular enzyme?
An enzyme that is produced by cells but crosses the membrane to function outside of cells
54
What is activation energy?
The energy required to initiate a reaction
55
What is a substrate?
The substance that enters a reaction, also known as a reactant
56
What is the active site?
The place on the surface of the enzyme where the substrate molecules attach
57
What is the lock-and-key model?
A model suggesting that the shape of a substrate molecule is an exact fit to fit to the shape of the active site
58
What is the induced-fit model?
A model to explain that the shape of an enzyme’s active site undergoes specific changes to achieve a high degree of specificity with the substrate
59
What is denaturation?
The process of enzymes denaturing due to temperature and/or pH, destroying the shape and function
60
What is a non-competitive inhibitor?
A molecule that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site; this changes the shape of the enzyme so that the substrate can no longer bind to the active site
61
What is a competitive inhibitor?
A substance that competes with a substrate for an enzyme’s active site
62
What is adenosine triphosphate?
A low-energy compound composed to adenine and ribose and two phosphate groups attached; it is converted to ATP for energy sotrage when it gains a phosphate
63
What is chlorophyll?
A substance that competes with a substrate for an enzyme’s active site
64
What is the light independent stage
The second stage of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and ATP produce carbohydrates through a series of reactions
65
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
A metabolic reaction that requires oxygen to produce energy for the cell
66
What is an aerobe?
An organism that requires oxygen
67
What is an anaerobe?
An organism that does not require oxygen
68
What is pyruvate?
The end product of glycolysis
69
What is alcohol fermentation?
a form of anaerobic respiration; glucose is converted to ethanol
70
What is a stem cell?
an unspecialised, immature cell
71
What is an organ?
a collection of different types of tissues working together
72
What is connective tissue?
a type of tissue that supports, strengthens and protects structures of the body
73
what is a system?
A group of organs working together to achieve a specific purpose
74
What is an alveolus?
a tiny air sac located on the end of a bronchiole
75
What is a capillary?
a very narrow blood vessel found between arteries and veins; part of a branching network that reaches to within a small distance of every body cell
76
What is a gill?
the gas exchange structure of a fish
77
What is the circulatory system?
blood, blood vessels and heart working together to ensure all necessary materials are carried around the body to and from cells
78
What is the closed circulatory system?
a type of circulatory system in which blood is confined to a series of paths or vessels
79
What is an artery?
a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart
80
What is a vein?
a vessel that carries blood to the heart
81
What is haemoglobin?
the iron-containing protein molecule in red blood cells that attracts and binds oxygen and gives blood its red colour
82
What is mechanical digestion?
the physical breakdown and/or mixing of ingested substances, with no chemical change occurring
83
What is chemical digestion?
the breakdown of large molecules progressively into smaller molecules in chemical reactions catalysed by digestive enzymes
84
What is villus?
an elongated projection from the lining of the small intestine that hugely increases the surface area and thus the capacity for exchange of materials
85
What is an epithelial cell?
a cell in a sheet of cells covering any external or internal surface in a multicellular organism
86
What is vascular?
describes vessels that conduct fluid
87
What is the epidermis?
the surface layer of cells on an organism
88
What are guard cells?
a pair of crescent-shaped cells that enable the opening and closing of a stoma
89
What is mesophyll?
a chloroplast-containing cell in plant leaves that performs photosynthesis
90
What is turgidity?
the state of being swollen with water, which usually causes the cell to become turgid
91
What is a cuticle?
a thin, transparent layer of wax on the outside of a leaf's epidermis to reduce water loss
92
What is the palisade mesophyll?
a densely packed layer of elongated cells that have many chloroplasts for photosynthesis
93
What is chloroplast?
an organelle in mesophyll tissue that utilises light energy to make glucose through photosynthesis
94
What is spongy mesophyll?
a loosely arranged layer of irregularly shaped cells that have a few chloroplasts for photosynthesis and plenty of air spaces
95
What is the xylem?
the vascular tissue in plants, consisting of dead cells, responsible for the bulk transport of water and nutrients
96
What is the phloem?
the vascular tissue in plants, consisting of living cells, responsible for the transport of sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant
97
What is a nutrient?
a substance required by living organisms that are not directly involved in energy production, such as dissolved salts and vitamins
98
What is a sieve tube cell?
a long tubular plant cell without a nucleus that forms sieve tubes, the main component of the phloem
99
What is a companion cell?
a specialised plant cell situated beside the sieve tubes in the phloem, which provides most of the cell functions for the sieve tube cells
100
What is a sieve plate?
the tough cellulose cells between sieve tube cells that contain pores to allow the cytoplasm to flow between cells
101
What is a root hair?
a thin extension of a root epidermal cell that greatly increases the cell's surface area
102
What is root pressure?
the pressure, caused by the uptake of water in the roots, that forces water further up the stem
103
What is transpiration?
the loss of water from plants through evaporation
104
What is sap?
the thick, sugary cytoplasm that fills the phloem of plants
105
What is translocation?
the bulk movement of substances around an organism
106

Biology Units 1 &2 Flashcards (1 decks)

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