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Industrial Chemistry > Unit 1 till midterm > Flashcards

Unit 1 till midterm Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a batch process?

A

It’s a process where you can only make small quantities of products

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1
Q

Give an examples of Batch Process

A

Food processing, Pharmaceuticals, Specialty Chemicals, etc.

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2
Q

Examples of a continuous process

A

Pulp & Paper, Petroleum, Fertilizers & Inorganics

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3
Q

Advantages of Batch type process

A

More cost effective for small quantities, Easy to change over alternative processes

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4
Q

Advantages of Continuous type process

A

Very large scale so high products yield, consistent in product quality because it doesn’t stop.

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5
Q

Disadvantages of Batch Type process

A

Only useful for smaller quantities cause it’s difficult to make large amount on a batch, and Variable quality because it’s not consistent on its products quality.

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6
Q

Disadvantages of Continuous Process

A

Very expensive to set up and not useful for producing small batches of product

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7
Q

Different occupations that are usually member of the project committee

A

Accountants, Lawyers, Engineers, Scientist

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8
Q

Process operations that are improved or tested during the “Pilot Plant” stage in the development of a chemcial industry

A

Product quality & yields, personnel training, energy cost savings, engineering design, safety of process

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9
Q

6 stages of a plant start up process.

A

Inert (water, steam) Actual Product
Low Low
Med Med
High High

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10
Q

Why is a plant start up operation performed in a progressive series of steps

A

Safety issue

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11
Q

What is a unit operation? and examples of these:

A

It’s a physical change: Transportation, Heat Transfer, Refrigeration, Flotation, Distillation, Filtration, Adsorption, Size reduction

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12
Q

What is a Chemical Conversion and examples of it:

A

Chemical conversion is anything that physically changes a chemical. Reduction/Oxidation,Hydrolysis, Halogenation, Polymerization, Electrolysis, Hydrogenation, Neutralization, Nitration

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13
Q

Why are material balance calculations carried out on bench scale experimentation?

A

To evaluate the analytical data. To evaluate the reliability of the experiment.

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14
Q

When is the experiment repeated for the material balance?

A

When the deviation of each parameter is analyzed is greater than 5%

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15
Q

What unit operation is a separation of a suspension into a supernatant clear liquid and a dense slury containing a higher cocnentration of solid?

A

Settling

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16
Q

How do you improve the settling rates?

A

Adding flocculating reagents. Neutralize the particle charge to form floccs that would make it settle faster.

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17
Q

What is the reason why tailings won’t settle?

A

Buoyancy. The particles need to be heavy enough fpr the gravity to drag them down. Friction and the charge on the solid particles.

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18
Q

What are examples of Flocculating Reagents:

A

Organic Polymers like Separan and Inorganic Polymers like alum.

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19
Q

A process where mixture of solids and fluid are separated by a layer where the soldis get retained

A

Filtration

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20
Q

What kind of filtration system that would be most likely used for the municipal water treatment plant?

A

Gravity Sand Filters

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21
Q

What kind of filtration system that would be most likely used for the removal of water from wood pulp produced in a pulp mill

A

rotary vacuum filters

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22
Q

What kind of filtration system that would be most likely used for the Primary water treatment for boiler feed water in a small in small industrial plant

A

Pressure sand filters

23
Q

What kind of filtration system that would be most likely used for the collection of a concentrated ore sample from an aqueous slurry

A

Filter Press or Rotary Vacuum Filter

24
Q

The main operational difference between an industrial thickener & laboratory bench scale setting experiment?

A

Continuous Process vs Batch Process and Mechanical rake removes sludge in thickeners

25
Q

two sizing classification devices that are primaly used for large scale continuous feed operations

A

Surface Velocity Classifier, Spitz Kasten, Double Cone Classifier

26
Q

What kind of filtration system that would be most likely used for the Fertilizers?

A

Belt and Pan Filters

27
Q

What filtration system are continuous?

A

Belt and Pan Filters, Rotary vacuum filters

28
Q

What unit operation is an ordered solid phase that is produced from a liquid or amorphous phase (impure) used for manufacture of salts, fertilizers, organic solids, active pharmaceuitcal ingredients

A

Crystallization

29
Q

What kind of filter is capable of treating large volumes of water and is only useful for the removal of large particulate solids?

A

Gravity Filter

30
Q

What kind of filter requires high pressure water flow?

A

Pressure filters

31
Q

Major Industrial Process utilizing crystallization:

A

Separation (separation of BPA)
Purification ( sugar & salt products)
Concentration (Fruit juices removal by evaporation of water)
Solidification (sulfur that is extracted from oil sands)
Analysis (determining molec. structure like proteins,biochem cmpds)

32
Q

What is CSD? and why is it important?

A

Crystal size determines the activity of the drug (ie. insulin) that’s why Crystal size distribution is important. In Pharmaceuitcal, size matters.

33
Q

What variables( size, distribution, & purity of crystals) used to control crystallization?

A

Concentration (when increased, speeds up formation)
Temperature (Low T, increases the formation of crystals)
Solubility (it is dependent on the type of solute)

34
Q

What are the stages of crystallization?

A 
Nucleation (most imp.; sets all var. req. for crystals to form)
Primary Nucleation (Occurs spontaneously; Low T, Conc. is increased)
Sec. Nucleation (occurs w/ addition of seed crystal/ shear force)
Crystal Growth (Factors w/c affect the crystal growth)
35
Q

Why is the secondary nucleation the most desirable ?

A

It is because this creates more pure crystals and higher yields because of the addition of shearing force and a crystal seed.

36
Q

What are the two factors that limit crystal growth?

A

integration of crystalline molecules/atoms in the crystal surface & transport of crystal unit from the surrounding solution to the crystal surface.

37
Q

What are the types of industrial crystallization units and their applications?

A

Cooling Crystallizers
Evaporative Crystallization
Evaporative/Cooling crystallizers
Melt Crystallization

38
Q

What’s a cooling crystallizer? and give an example of its equipment

A

Uses Lower T to initiate crystallization, it uses coolant instead of heat. Surface Cooled Crystallizer.

39
Q

What is a evaporative crystallization? and an example of it?

A

It’s the most simplest and common because of its constant temperature (isothermal). It removes the solvent by increasing the solution concentration. FC and DTB are the equipments.

40
Q

What are the advantages of FC and DTB?

A

Forced Circulation Crystallizer is Cheap, Fast, and generic

Draft Tube Baffle is better in controlling the size (separates large and small crystal sizes)

41
Q

What kind of crystallization unit has high temperature solution at reduced pressure is solvent temperature affecting both concentrate and temperature?

A

Evaporative/Cooling Crystallizers (Adiabetic)

42
Q

What Industrial crystallization unit that doesn’t use solvents in its process but instead use heat as a separating agent?

A

Melt Crystallization

43
Q

What kind of solids can you use for melt crystallization?

A

The ones w/ really high thermal stability so there is not decomposition above its melting point. like molten Si for computer wafers.

44
Q

Why use slow cooling for crystals of desired cmpds for pharmaceutical and food products?

A

to obtain a 99.99% purity using melt crystallization

45
Q

A unit operation used to separate a mixture of solids into 2 or more fractons based on differences in surface properties in an aqueous medium?

A

Flotation

46
Q

What kind of solids float out on the surface and remains as tailing in the bottom of flotation cells?

A

Solids that float out are hydrophobic while the ones that stay in the bottom is hydrophilic.

47
Q

What reagent enhances the hydrophobic characteristics of solids? give an example.

A

Conditioners (collectors) and kerosene, xanthates, sulfonates.

48
Q

What reagent stabilizes the froth to prevent loss of concentrate when bubbles reach the surface?

A

Frothers. MIBC, Pine oil, Cresylic Acid

49
Q

What reagent allows for the selective separation of hydrophobic solids. can turn on/off the flotation?

A

pH (NaOH, HCl) and Resurfacing Agents (starch, Ba,SiO3)

50
Q

What does it mean when there’s a high contact angle?

A

It is a hydrophobic surface. and it is a high floatability w/c is a best flotation.

51
Q

What does it mean when the contact angle is low?

A

Hydrophilic surface and low floatability.

52
Q

What is the fast method for optimizing the contact angle?

A

Use conditioning agent (Kerosene) and Modifying agent (NaOH)

53
Q

What does a frother do?

A

Increases the surface tension of the bubble (froth) to stabilize it on top

54
Q

mineral ores that are separating?

A

Pb, Ni, Fe, Cu

55
Q

Why is air introduced in a flotation cell?

A

To float the hydrophobic material

56
Q

Why is there a mechanical agitation in flotation?

A

It produces much more effficient and better results

Industrial Chemistry (1 decks)

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