Unit 1 Thru P. 27 Flashcards by Logan Rozeboom

What cervical nerve is strictly a *motor nerve?

C1 (NO posterior root)

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Which nerve accompanies the external jugular vein?

Great Auricular Nerve (C2, C3)

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The cervical plexus carries motor fibers to which muscles of the neck?

Infrahyoid (strap) muscles

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The motor fibers supplying the Infrahyoid muscles originating from the Cervical Plexus arise from what?

Ansa Cervicalis

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The (superior/inferior) root of the Ansa Cervicalis descends from the Hypoglossal nerve to join the (superior/inferior) root.

Superior, inferior

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What does the thyrohyoid muscle receive its innervation exclusively from?

C1 (through the hypoglossal nerve)

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What are the three subdivisions of the Supraclavicular nerve? (C3, C4)

Medial, Intermediate, Lateral

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What muscle receives it innervation solely from C1 fibers through the hypoglossal nerve?

Thyrohyoid

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What is the pathological contraction of the Sternocleidomastoid?

Torticollis

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What type of Torticollis results from a fibrous tissue tumor which develops at or shortly before birth?

Congenital torticollis

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What type of Torticollis results due to a birth injury

Muscular torticollis

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What type of Torticollis occurs in adults and is due to abnormal toxicity?

Spasmodic Torticollis (responds well to chiropractic care)

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The external jugular vein drains the face and scalp and is formed immediately below the parotid gland. What are its tributaries? (6)

Retromandibular v.
Posterior Auricular v.
Posterior external jugular v.
Anterior jugular v.
Transverse cervical v.
Suprascapular v.

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Opera singers and bagpipe players develop prominent external jugular veins over time due to increased intrathoracic pressure during their singing/playing. What are two other causes of a prominent external jugular vein?

Congestive heart failure

Superior vena cava obstruction

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The apex of the anterior triangle lies inferiorly at the ______ ______.

Jugular notch

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Where does the stylohyoid ligament attach to?

Lesser horn of the Hyoid bone

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What is the insertion of the sternothyroid muscle?

Oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

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What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid muscle?

C1 through the hypoglossal n.

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What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

First thoracic vertebra (T1)
First ribs and their cartilages
Manubrium of sternum

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The brachiocephalic trunk is found only on the (left/right) side of the body

Right

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What two viscera pass through the superior thoracic aperture immediately posterior to the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

Cervical pleura

Apex of the lung

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What is another term for lung collapse?

Atelectasis

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What is important about the thymus regarding T-cells?

T-cells are produced by the thymus and mature throughout life. The thymus then involutes gradually after puberty, thus, reducing our overall immune function w/ age.

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What muscles lie anterior to the thymus and thyroid gland?

Sternohyoid

Sternothyroid

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What level does the thyroid gland lie at and what two endocrine hormones does it produce?

C5-T1 Thyroxine Calcitonin

What are the three different anatomical variations that relate to the thyroid gland?

Pyramidal lobe (extends upward from isthmus) Thyroid ima artery Levator glandulae thyroidae muscle

What results due to a dietary deficiency of Iodine?

Endemic Goiter (Resembles HYPOthyroidism. Gland enlarges to increase output. Hormone is largely inactive)

What abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland is due to an autoimmune disease?

Exophthalmic Goiter (Resembles HYPERthyroidism. Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor site, cause overactivity of the gland)

What endocrine glands are involved in calcium homeostasis?

Parathyroid glands (Usually four total. Essential to life)

What is the innervation of the parathyroid glands?

Inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia OR Middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

What three factors contribute to the difficulty of a Thyroid surgery?

Vascularity Presence of parathyroid glands Presence of recurrent laryngeal nerve

The trachea (“wind pipe”) and the esophagus both begin at what cervical level?

CV 6

The walls of the trachea are supported by a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings which are open _____. This gap is spanned by the ______ muscle.

Posteriorly | Trachealis (smooth m.)

The esophagus is a muscular tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach. It lies _____ to the trachea.

Posterior

In what feature of what bone does the internal carotid artery enter the skull to supply blood to the brain?

Carotid canal of the Temporal bone

What is the main source of blood to to structures of the neck, face, and scalp?

External carotid artery

What are the eight branches of the external carotid artery?

``` Superior thyroid a. Ascending pharyngeal a. Lingual a. Facial a. Occipital a. Posterior Auricular a. Superficial temporal a. (Feel pulse) Maxillary a. ```

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

Maxillary a. | Superficial temporal a.

What is *usually* the largest vein of the neck that begins at the jugular foramen as the direct continuation of the Sigmoid sinus? (Drains into brachiocephalic vein)

Internal jugular vein (never visible topographically, below SCM)

Unilateral damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve causes respiratory distress and hoarseness. What is this called?

Partial aphonia

Bilateral damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve may result in what?

Aphonia (may lead to suffocation)

What is the longest cranial nerve?

CN X Vagus

What are the two ganglia arising form the Vagus nerve?

Superior (Jugular) Ganglion | Inferior (Nodose) Ganglion

The pharyngeal plexus is motor to all muscles of the pharynx except the ______ and to all muscles of the soft palate except for the ______ _____ ______.

Stylopharyngeus (CN IX Glossopharyngeal n.) | Tensor Veli Pallatini (CN V Trigeminal n.)

Both parts of CN XI Accessory n. exit through which opening?

Jugular foramen

CN IX, X, XI all exit through which opening in the skull?

Jugular foramen

CN XII Hypoglossal is the motor nerve to the tongue. It originates from the M.O. and exits the skull via which opening?

Hypoglossal canal

What innervates the dura mater?

C1 Meningeal branches of CN XII Hypoglossal

What is important about the C1 motor fibers of the Hypoglossal n.?

Motor supply to the Thyrohyoid and Geniohyoid muscles

What originates from T1 to T3 that travel *UP* the trunk to supply structures of the head and neck?

Preganglionic Sympathetic fibers

What cervical level(s) does the superior cervical ganglion lie at?

C1-C3

What branch of the superior cervical ganglion accompanies the internal carotid artery into the skull?

Internal Carotid n.

What level(s) does the middle cervical ganglion lie at?

What level(s) does the vertebral ganglion lie at?

What level(s) does the cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion lie at?

C7-T1

What nerve bundle connects the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion?

Ansa Subclavia (loops anterior to the subclavian artery

What are the branches of the superior cervical ganglion?

Internal carotid n. Superior cervical cardiac n. Branches to the Pharyngeal Plexus

What is the branch of the middle cervical ganglion?

Middle cervical cardiac nerve

what is the branch of the Cervicothooracic (stellate) ganglion?

Inferior cervical cardiac nerve

What articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint? (TMJ)

Condylar process

What serves as the area of attachment for the muscles of mastication?

Coronoid process

What is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?

Superior Mental (Genial) Spine

What is the origin of the geniohyoid muscle?

Inferior Mental (Genial) Spine

The TMJ joint has an articular disk btwn the condylar process and the temporal bone. If this is misaligned, what can manifest?

Clicking when chewing | Major cause of headaches

What is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle vs the anterior belly?

Posterior: CN VII Facial Anterior: CN V Trigeminal

What muscle elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the mandible when the hyoid is fixed?

Digastric muscle

What muscle elevates the hyoid bone and the floor of the mouth?

Mylohyoid muscle (CN V: nerve to mylohyoid)

What muscle elevates the hyoid bone and tongue?

Geniohyoid muscle (C1 fibers through hypoglossal)

What muscle draws the tongue forward and protrudes the tip of tongue?

Genioglossus (CN XII Hypoglossal)

What muscle draws the tongue downward?

Hyoglosssus muscle (CN XII Hypoglossal)

A small part of the hyoglossus may take origin from the lesser horn of the hyoid bone. What is this muscle slip called?

Chondroglossus

What muscle draws the tongue upward and backward?

Styloglossus (CN XII Hypoglossal)

What muscle elevates the hyoid bone and tongue?

Stylohyoid (CN VII Facial)

What muscle is pierced by the intermediate tendon of Digastric muscle?

Stylohyoid muscle

The Parotid, Sublingual and Submandibular glands are the three paired salivary glands. Which one is the largest? Smallest?

Submandibular gland | Sublingual