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BIOM 4150 Cancer Biology > Unit 1- The Nature and Hallmarks of Cancer > Flashcards

Unit 1- The Nature and Hallmarks of Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • group of diseases that originate from a LOSS OF CONTROL of cell division/ differentiation/ survival/ death mechanisms
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2
Q

What is the loss of cellular control in cancer a result of?

A

Mutations = dynamic changes in cell genome

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3
Q

What results in the uncontrollable proliferation of cells into a mass? (tumor)

A
  • mutation (changes in cell genome) in cooperation with a permissive microenvironment
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4
Q

Do all cancers form a tumor mass?

A

No- ex) leukemia

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5
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

A
  • Sustaining proliferative signaling
  • Evading growth suppressors
  • Avoiding immune destruction
  • Enabling replicative immortality
  • Tumor-promoting inflammation
  • Activating invasion/ metastasis
  • Inducing angiogenesis
  • Genome instability/ mutation
  • Resisting cell death
  • Deregulating cellular energetics
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6
Q

What is the first report of cancer?

A
  • reported in the Smith Papyrus > bulging mass under breast
  • Imhotep, an Egyptian physician
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7
Q

What was the first “true” evidence of cancer in humans?

A
  • Osteosarcoma in mummy from the Atacama desert
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8
Q

What is the oldest case of cancer?

A
  • Osteosarcoma in leg of 76 million yrs old dinosaur fossil in Alberta
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9
Q

What is the origin of the term carcinoma?

A
  • first used by Hippocrates to describe solid tumors
  • based on way blood vessels organized around tumors like a crab
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10
Q

What does the term carcinoma currently denote?

A
  • malignant solid tumors of epithelial origin only
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11
Q

What is the difference between cancer/ carcinoma?

A

Cancer- malignant tumors of all types
Carcinoma- malignant solid tumors of epithelial origin only

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12
Q

What is the origin of the term oncology?

A
  • Galen was the first to use onkos to describe tumors
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13
Q

Where do carcinomas originate from?

A

Epithelium

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14
Q

What are the 2 general types of tumors/ what are they based on?

A

Benign/ Malignant
- based on histological features/ expected clinical outcome

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15
Q

What is the difference between a benign/ malignant tumor?

A

Benign- confined to tissue of origin/ rarely cause harm
Malignant- invade locally and distantly/ form colonies in other organs

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16
Q

What are metastases?

A
  • colonies malignant tumors form in other organs
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17
Q

What is metastasis?

A
  • the process of distant invasion of malignant tumors
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18
Q

How are tumors classified based on cell of origin?

A

Epithelial > Squamous/ Adeno/ Atypical
Non-Epithelial > Sarcomas/ Hematopoietic/ Neuroectodermal

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19
Q

What are the types of carcinoma based on cell of origin?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma > arises from epithelium with protective function/ formed by flattened (squamous) cells
Adenocarcinoma > arises from epithelium with glandular/secretory function
Atypical carcinomas > do not fit above categories

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20
Q

What is an example of an atypical carcinoma?

A

Small cell lung carcinoma

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21
Q

What are some common sites of epithelial tumors?

A

Skin/ Mammary gland/ Prostate/ GI tract/ Lung

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22
Q

Can you have 2 types of carcinoma that arise from epithelium of same organ?

A

yes- ex) squamous cell carcinomas/ adenocarcinomas of both esophagus/ lung

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23
Q

What are some steps in the progression from normal > malignant epithelium?

A

Hyperplasia/ Metaplasia/ Dysplasia

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24
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A
  • ↑ growth of cells/ tissue, but normal cell features/ histology
  • typical of benign tumors
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25
Q

What is metaplasia?

A
  • type of epithelial cell layer is replaced by cells of another epithelial type that are normally not in that site within an organ
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26
Q

What is an example of metaplasia?

A

Barrett’s Esophagus (pre-cancerous condition)
- substitution of squamous > glandular epithelium in esophagus

  • invader epithelium appears normal under microscope, but the condition is known to be pre-cancerous
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27
Q

What are 5 characteristics of dysplasia?

A
  • loss in uniformity of individual cells
  • loss of cell polarity
  • ↑ variability in nuclear shape/size = Pleomorphism
  • ↑ nuclear : cytoplasm ratio
  • mitotic figures more abundant/ mislocalized
28
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

↑ variability in nuclear shape/ size

29
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

= new growth

30
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A
  • abnormal mass of tissue > growth exceeds/ uncoordinated with that of normal tissue
31
Q

What are neoplastic cells said to be/ why?

A

= Transformed
- continue to replicate/ oblivious to regulatory influences in tissue environment

32
Q

What do the synonyms neoplasm/ tumor refer to?

A
  • both pre-invasive (benign) and invasive (malignant) tumors
33
Q

Why are all pre-invasive tumors considered benign, regardless of their size?

A
  • confined to epithelial compartment by a still present basement membrane
34
Q

What must happen for an epithelial tumor to be considered malignant?

A
  • must breach the basement membrane > invade surrounding stroma
35
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

“to form backwards” > undifferentiated
- a landmark of malignancy

36
Q

What are undifferentiated neoplasms said to be?

A

Anaplastic

37
Q

Are all malignant tumors anaplastic?

A

No- all anaplastic tumors are malignant, but not all malignant tumors are anaplastic

38
Q

What are some characteristics of anaplasia?

A
  • cell/ nuclear pleomorphism (variation in shape/size)
  • hyperchromatic/ clumped chromatin
  • ↑ nuclear : cytoplasm ratio (1:1 or higher)
  • large nuclei/ nucleoli
  • atypical/ numerous mitoses
  • apical-basal polarity completely lost
39
Q

What should you do if trying to determine if a tumor is malignant?

A
  • check for loss of basement membrane
  • do not look for anaplasia (not all malignant tumors = anaplastic)
40
Q

What are anaplastic tumors sometimes called?

A

CUP = cancer of unknown primary
- can not be tracked to cell of origin since so undifferentiated

41
Q

What are the types of non-epithelial tumors?

A

Sarcomas- arise from mesenchymal/ stromal cells (connective tissues)
Hematopoietic tumors > leukemia/ lymphoma
Neuroectodermal tumors > arise from cells of CNS/ PNS, derived from neural crest (neuroectoderm)

42
Q

What is an exception of a tumor with cells derived from the neural crest but not neuroectodermal?

A

Melanoma
- melanocytes originate in neural crest but are not part of CNS/PNS

43
Q

What cells do sarcomas arise from?

A
  • stromal/ mesenchymal cells (connective tissues)
    > Fibroblasts/ Adipocytes/ Osteoblasts/ Myocytes
44
Q

What are the 2 types of hematopoietic tumors/ what are they derived from?

A

Leukemia- from hematopoietic lineages that originate in bone marrow
Lymphoma- from lymphoid tissue (lymphocytes/ derivatives)

45
Q

Where do leukemias/ lymphomas arise?

A

Leukemia- originate in bone marrow/ move freely in circulation
Lymphoma- typically solid tumor in lymph nodes/ lymphoid tissue

46
Q

What is the convention for naming benign epithelial/ stromal tumors?

A
  • ends with the suffix “oma”
  • preceded by prefix that denotes cell of origin
47
Q

What is the convention for naming malignant epithelial/ stromal tumors?

A
  • ends with the suffix “carcinoma” or “sarcoma”
  • preceded by prefix that denotes cell of origin
48
Q

What are adipocyte tumors called?

A

Benign = Lipoma/ Malignant = Liposarcoma

49
Q

What is the term for a benign tumor of squamous cell origin?

A

Papilloma

50
Q

What is the term for a benign tumor of epithelial origin with glandular/ secretory function?

A

Adenoma

51
Q

What is a papilloma?

A
  • benign tumor of squamous cell origin
52
Q

How are leukemias classified?

A
  1. Degree of cell differentiation > Acute/ Chronic
  2. Hematopoietic precursor origin > Myelogenous/ Lymphocytic
52
Q

What is the difference between acute/ chronic leukemias?

A

Acute- characterized by immature blast cells
Chronic- characterized by well-differentiated leukocytes

53
Q

What type of leukemia has a more rapid/ fatal course in untreated patients?

A

Acute leukemia (immature blast cells)

54
Q

What scientist is responsible for leukemia classification?

A

Rudolf Virchow

55
Q

What is the cancer of plasma cells called?

A

Multiple myeloma

56
Q

What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma characterized by?

A
  • presence of classic Reed-Sternberg cells
57
Q

What is the neuroectodermal malignancy of glial cells? (CNS not neurons)

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

58
Q

What are NETs?

A

Neuroendocrine tumors
- epithelial tumors with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation
- have own class, not a type of carcinoma

59
Q

Although the term NET/ neuroendocrine suggests that tumor cell origin is the neural crest/ they have endocrine function, what is true of most of these neoplasms?

A
  • cells of endodermal origin
  • express markers of both neural/ epithelial cells
  • arise in different organs of body
60
Q

What is the clonal evolution theory of the origin of cancer?

A

Monoclonal tumors/ Polyclonal tumors
- normal cells > transformation to cancerous behaviour

61
Q

Who proposed cancer as a monoclonal genetic disease?
What did he find?

A

Peter Nowell
1. Gentic changes are important for cancer development
2. Tumors can arise from mutations in a single-cell
> Philadelphia chromosome (chromosome 9 > 22 translocation) in CML

62
Q

Why do we get cancer?

A

Time- cancer ↑ with age
Environment- environmental factors
Inheritance

63
Q

What scientist discovered the mutability of DNA suggested cancer origin?

A

Hermann Muller
- cancer arises due to mutations in genome
- genes mutate when exposed to radiation

64
Q

What scientist found that chemical carcinogens act as mutagens?
What did he find?

A

Bruce Ames
- potent mutagens are potent carcinogens
- not always case > some carcinogens not mutagens = tumor promoters

BIOM 4150 Cancer Biology (6 decks)

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