Unit 1 The Diversity of Life Flashcards
What are the Seven Pillars ofm life ?
Program Improvisation Compartmentalization Energy Regeneration Adaptability Seclusion
What does the pillar “Program” stands for ? Can you give an example ?
It means that the organism has an organized plan to maintain the chemical reactions and interactions for survival.
Eg: DNA contains the “program” in the form of genes
What does the pillar “Improvisation” stands for ?
It means the capacatity to change the program over time (evolution)
What does the pillar “Adaptability” stands for ?
It is the hability to respond to stimuli in the form of a behavioural response (eg: removing hand from hot surface)
What is the difference between an eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell ? What does it mean for the internal structure of the cell ?
The eukaryotic cell has its DNA insine the nucleus and is usually larger than the prokaryotic cell, which has its DNA free within the cell membrane.
This means that prokaryotes have no internal membranes.
What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrauphs ?
Heterotrauphs need to ingest organic substances (other things that were once alive) to get the carbon for their nutrition, whereas autotrophs can synthesize carbon from inorganic sources (CO2 and photosynthesis)
What is a cell wall ?
It is another structure outside of the external cell membrane.
Explain homeostasis
A system maintain homeostasis if mechanisms exist such that some parameters are always maintained within a given range (exemple: body temperature)
According to the 3 Domain system, what are the 3 domain ?
There is the Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya
What is the difference in the membrane of the cells belonging to the 3 different domains ?
Bacteria and Eukarya membranes are made with fatty acids, whereas Archea membranes are made of hydrocarbons
What are introns ? Which domain(s) possess(es) introns (3 domains system) ?
Introns are parts of the DNA that do not code for protein synthesis. Only Eucarya has introns
What type (eukaryote/prokaryote) of cell each domain (3DS) contains ? What conclusion can we derive from this information ?
Bacteria and Archea are prokaryotes, whereas Eucarya are eukaryotes.
This means that Bacteria and Archea are closer in the tree of evolution.
How did organelles possibly originated in eukaryotic cells? What about the nucleus ? What does it causes to the internal structure of the cells ?
The supposed process is called endosymbiosis. It is the process by which a bigger organism engulfes a smaller one (eg: tries to eat it, but is not digested). If the incident profits to both, the mutation will be passed to future generations.
For the nucleus, the process might have been “infolding.” According to the theory, the external membrane might have been fold to protect the DNA in the nucleus from reacting with proteins floating around. In the end, the result is that organelles in the cell have DOUBLE membranes.
What are the 4 macromolecules ?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Which molecules can be used for energy ? Which can be synthesized by the body ?
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids can be used for energy, but all macromolecules are produced by the body
Which macromolecule(s) is/are made of amino acids ?
Protein are the only macromolecules made from amino acids
How different are the compostion of the different macromolecules ?
Carbohydrates are made of C, H and O with a ratio of 1 C to 1 H2O.
Lipids contain the same constituents, but are made of a Glycerol backbone, then a chain of C with OH and H on each side.
Proteins contain in addition Nitrogen.
Finally, nucleic acids are made of nucleotides, a molecules.
Which macromolecules are polymers ?
Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are polymers.
Which function(s) is/are shared by carbohydrates and lipids?
They both provide energy, and can both be used for structure
Which function(s) is/are shared by proteins and lipids?
They can both serve as hormones
What are the 6 kingdoms ?
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Planta
Which kingdom is associated with each domain ?
Bacteria : Eubacteria
Archaea: Archaebacteria
Eukarya: Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Planta
What are the sub-kingdoms of the protista and their common names ?
Amoebozoa/Unikont (fungi-like)
Archaeplastida (Algae/plant-like)
Chroanoflagellata (Animal-like)
Which kingdoms are (mostly or all) unicellulars ? Which are multicellular ?
Unicellular: Eubactaria, Archaebacteria, all Protista (Archaeplastida are sometimes multicellular)
Multicellular: Fungi (yeasts are unicellulars), Animalia, Planta
