Unit 1 Test Review - Diversity of Living Things

Question 1

What is taxonomy?

Answer 1

-the science of classifying living things
-taxonomic system illustrates the relationship between all living organisms

Question 2

Describe the classification of living things

Answer 2

-the highest taxonomic level is a DOMAIN - there are three domains; Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
-seven main categories called taxa (taxon-singular), are used to classify all living things

Question 3

What are the levels of classification (taxa) + examples

Answer 3

KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FINE GRAIN SAND
Kingdom
ex. human: animalia, plant: plantae

Phylum
ex. human: chordata, plant: tracheophyta

Class
ex. human: mammalia, plant: angiospermae

Order
ex. human: primate, plant: asterates

Family
ex. human: hominidae, plant: compositae

Genus
ex. human: homo, plant: taraxcum

Species
ex. human: sapien, plant: officinale

Question 4

What happens when you move from kingdom to species?

Answer 4

goes from general to specific and degree of similarity increases
members of the same species look alike and can be interbred to produce fertile offspring

Question 5

What is the scientific name of an organism and how do you achieve it?

Answer 5

BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE is used to determine the scientific name
-the scientific name of an organism is often based on some characteristic of the organism such as colour or habitat

binomial nomenclature contains two parts:
first part is the genus name (first letter Capital)
second part is the species name (all lowercase)

both names must be underlined or italicized
ex. the scientific name for humans is Homo sapien

Question 6

Define biodiversity

Answer 6

the number and variety of species and ecosystems on Earth

Question 7

Define species

Answer 7

all organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions

Question 8

Define hybridization

Answer 8

the cross-breeding of two different species

Question 9

Define morphology

Answer 9

the physical appearance and characteristics of an organism; also the science of the study of these physical characteristics

Question 10

Define genetic diversity

Answer 10

the genetic variability among organisms; usually referring to individuals of the same species

Question 11

Define species diversity

Answer 11

a measure of diversity that takes into account the quantity of each species present, as well as the variety of different species present

Question 12

Define structural diversity

Answer 12

the range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat or ecosystem

Question 13

Differentiate heterotroph vs autotroph when referring to conditions for bacterial growth

Answer 13

BACTERIAL NUTRITION
heterotroph: an organism that obtains energy-rich nutrients by consuming living or dead organisms

autotroph: an organism that uses sources of energy to produce nutrients from water, gases, and/or minerals

Question 14

List and describe the 6 type of species interactions

Answer 14

Food supply: complex relationships exist between species and their food

Protection: many species depend on others for shelter and protection

Transportation: many species move from place to place with the help of another species

Reproduction: many species depend on others for their successful reproduction

Hygiene: some species help maintain the health of other species

Digestion: species living within digestive tracts are essential for the digestion of food

Question 15

Which Kingdom is the most diverse?

Answer 15

Kingdom Protista

Question 16

Differentiate chemoautotroph vs photoautotroph when referring to conditions for bacterial growth

Answer 16

BACTERIAL NUTRITION
chemoautotroph: uses energy obtained from chemical reactions

photoautotrophs: use sunlight as an energy source

Question 17

Differentiate prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

Answer 17

Prokaryotic (before nucleus): a single-celled organism that does not contain membrane-bound organelles
ex. eubacteria, archaea
-small (0.1-10pm)
-DNA not protected by a membrane-bound nucleus
-genome made up of a single chromosome
-cells do not use meiosis or mitosis to divide
-asexual reproduction is common
-many use anaerobic respiration (do not require oxygen)

Eukaryotic (true nucleus): any organism whose cells contain organelles, some eukaryotic organisms are single-celled, while others are multicellular
ex. protists, fungi, plants, animals
-larger (10-100pm)
-DNA in the nucleus, bound by a protective nuclear membrane
-genome made up of several chromosomes
-cells divide by meiosis and mitosis
-sexual reproduction is common (not all)
-most use aerobic respiration (require oxygen)

Question 18

What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 18

-both contain genetic material that carries out cell functions
-both use enzymes to carry out various metabolic processes
-both contain ribosomes that facilitate creation of protein
-both have cytoplasm, even though different in both

Question 19

Define kingdom archaea, example organisms, and their characteristics

Answer 19

-The first forms of life on Earth, members are mostly anaerobic (absence of oxygen), and are prokaryotic cells that inhabit extreme environments
-Their cell membranes are much more resistant to physical and chemical disruptions than those of other organisms
-Some species are both autotrophic and heterotrophic

examples: methanogens, thermophiles

Question 20

What is the makeup of kingdom archaea cell walls?

Answer 20

glycoproteins, protein-based, psuedopeptidoglycan

Question 21

What are the methods of reproduction in kingdom archaea?

Answer 21

asexual, using binary fission like kingdom eubacteria

Question 22

What are the three groups that classify the species within kingdom archaea?

Answer 22

Methanogens:
-produce methane
-get their energy from the use of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas
-live in anaerobic (oxygen-free) environments such as swamps, marches, and sewage disposal plants

Halophiles:
-salt-loving
-live in areas of high salt concentration
-produce a purple pigment that allows them to use sunlight as a source of photosynthetic energy (similar to plants)

Extreme Thermophiles:
-heat-loving
-thrive at temperatures of 70 degrees Celsius or higher and at pH levels of 1 or 2
-found in sulfur springs, or deep-sea thermal vents

Question 23

Define kingdom eubacteria, example organisms, and their characteristics

Answer 23

-prokaryotic cells that live in harsh environments

examples: salmonella, nitrogen fixing bacteria

Question 24

What is the makeup of the kingdom eubacteria cell walls?

Answer 24

-peptidoglycan

Question 25

What are the methods of reproduction in kingdom eubacteria?

Answer 25

asexual reproduction or sexual
-when bacteria reproduce they form a colony
-the shape, and texture, of the colony are dependent on the type/species of bacteria
-most bacteria reproduce asexually but some occasionally reproduce sexually and in that case, DNA from 2 bacteria recombine or exchanges

Question 26

METHOD 1 OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN EUBACTERIA: describe binary fission

Answer 26

-much like mitosis, the bacterium splits into two
-the most common method of reproduction for eubacteria and archaea

How it happens
-parent cell spits into two individual identical daughter cells
-daughter cells have identical genetic information (DNA)

MEMORIZE DIAGRAM*

Question 27

METHOD 2 OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN EUBACTERIA: describe endospores

Answer 27

-some bacteria are capable of transferring their DNA into a special compartment called an endospore, which can be released from the original cell
-spores can resist harsh conditions and are used as dispersal mechanisms
-later, when conditions are favourable the spore will come out of its “hibernation” and live normally once again

Question 28

What are the sexual methods of reproduction within kingdom eubacteria?

Answer 28

1) Transformation: The original bacterium dies and releases its DNA, this DNA is absorbed by another bacterium

2) Transduction: DNA from one bacterium is transferred to another by viruses

3) Conjugation: the most like “sex”, a specialized sex pilus acts like a bridge between two bacteria
MEMORIZE BACTERIAL CONJUGATION DIAGRAM*

Question 29

Describe and name the major parts of the bacterium

Answer 29

BE ABLE TO LABEL DIAGRAM*
Cell Wall: outer membrane for protection, determines shape

Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane: flexible membrane that regulates the movement of material in and out of the cell

Pilus: rod-like projections that extend through the cell wall, and serve for attachment, either to have a host cell or another bacterium

Flagellum: whip-like dippendage that bacterium uses to propel

Capsule: slime layer outside cell wall that prevents exposure to surroundings

Nucleoid: contains DNA, no membrane separates nucleoid from cytoplasm

Plasmid: small circular DNA that is separate from the DNA of the nucleoid

Ribosomes: proteins are made in this organelle

Question 30

What are the three groups that separate the kingdom eubacteria into shape?

Answer 30

1) Coccus (cocci)
-spherical-shaped bacteria
Diplococci: (two connected spheres)
Monococcus: (single sphere)
Streptococci: (chain of connected spheres)
Staphylococci: (clump of connected spheres)

2) Bacillus (bacilli)
-rod-shaped bacteria
-found individually or in chains

3) Spirillum (spicilla)
-spiral-shaped bacteria
-always found individually

MEMORIZE DIAGRAMS*

Question 31

In order for bacteria to grow, what conditions are required?

Answer 31

1) A base on which to grow
2) nutrients
3) an ideal temperature range
4) moisture

Question 32

What is the pH level required for a bacterium to grow?

Answer 32

most survive in 7, but some can survive in acidic environments (cheese, yogurt), some even basic (alkali lakes)

Question 33

What are the oxygen levels required for some bacteria?

Answer 33

obligate aerobic: needs oxygen
obligate anaerobes: oxygen is poisonous
facultative anaerobes: can change or grow in the presence or absence of oxygen

Question 34

What are the temperatures required for some bacteria to grow?

Answer 34

psychrophiles: grow in cold (5-20)
mesophilic bacteria: mid temp (20-40), most bacteria are in this category
thermophilic prokaryotes: high temperature (40-90) such as deep sea vents/hot springs

Question 35

Describe the characteristics of viruses

Answer 35

-non-cellular particles incapable of carrying out life functions (non-living)
-not classified into a kingdom of life
-vary in size from 20-400nm

-they are classified into orders, families, genera, and species based on a variety of features including size, shape, and type of genetic material
-not all virus species have been classified
-most viruses can only affect a single host/closely related hosts
-might only affect one organ system, or single cell type in host
-They are spread in many ways, some through air, or direct physical contact, biting by infected insects, or through injuries

Question 36

Name the characteristic features of viruses and describe them

Answer 36

genetic material: DNA or RNA
capsid: protein coat which protects the genetic material
binding sites: allow virus to latch onto a host cell
MEMORIZE DIAGRAM OF HERPES AND BACTERIOPHAGE**

Question 37

What are the two life-like characteristics that viruses exhibit?

Answer 37

reproduction and mutation

Question 38

How are viruses able to produce?

Answer 38

by invading a LIVING cell, viruses can use the host cell’s metabolic machinery to replicate themselves (hijackers)

Question 39

What are some examples of host cells for viruses?

Answer 39

human cold virus: infects the upper respiratory tract
HIV: infects the cells of the immune system

Question 40

What are some common diseases caused by viruses?

Answer 40

-influenza
-measles
-mumps
-rabies
-AIDS
-COVID-19

Question 41

What is a viroid?

Answer 41

-very small (smaller than any virus)
-infectious pieces of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants
-do not have capsid (fragile)

Question 42

What is a prion?

Answer 42

-abnormally-shaped
-infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals, including humans

Question 43

What are vaccines?

Answer 43

-made of mixtures that contain weakened forms of a dangerous virus (protein or sugar)
-they trigger a response by the immune system without causing an infection
-this exposure creates chemical memory that allows for the immune system to react quickly if the individual ever comes in contact with the real virus

Question 44

What are the two ways in which viruses can reproduce?

Answer 44

The lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle

Question 45

Name the steps in the viral lytic cycle for viruses reproduction

Answer 45

1) Attachment: virus attaches to host cell

2) Entry: virus injects DNA/RNA into cell

3) Replication: host cell’s metabolism begins to make copies of the viral DNA/RNA (takes control of cell)

4) Assembly: new virus particles are assembled

5) Lysis (release): host cell breaks open (dies) and releases new virus particles
MEMORIZE DIAGRAM*

Question 46

Name the steps in the lysogenic cycle for virus reproduction

Answer 46

1) attachment and entry of viral DNA/RNA (same beginning steps as lytic)

2) virus’ nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) combines with the bacterium’s (or host cell’s) DNA

3) the viral nucleic acid is replicated with the host bacterium DNA

4) dormant (non-active) virus can be activated by a stimulus such as temperature change, or available nutrients…

5) When activated, the lytic cycle occurs
MEMORIZE DIAGRAM*

Question 47

Do viruses wait in crystalline form?

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

What type of virus changes more often?

Answer 48

RNA

Question 49

What is a bacteriophage?

Answer 49

a virus that infects bacteria

Question 50

What are antibiotics?

Answer 50

*biggest struggle to develop them is funding
-enable modern medicine
-cure infectious diseases
-safely facilitate surgery, chemotherapy
-have chemicals that prevent bacterial growth

Question 51

What are the origins of antibiotics?

Answer 51

First antibiotic was made by Alexander Flemming in 1928 (PENICILLIN)

Question 52

When did bacterial resistance begin, what did this mean?

Answer 52

-1940’s and 50’s
-from then till the 80’s companies noticed the problem when making more antibiotics
-problem was that the new ones being created were only applicable for a broad variety of bacteria/infections compared to the ones created before
-fewer dosages were then sold (less profitable)
-new classes of antibiotics stopped being discovered by the 1980’s, but bacteria continued to multiply

Question 53

What are the factors contributing to antibiotic resistance?

Answer 53

AGRICULTURE (largest consumer of antibiotics) uses them in large volumes, this increases the bacteria’s exposure to the antibiotics and this opens an opportunity for the bacteria to grow resistant to it, and this exposure creates familiarity

some other ones:
-lack of new antibiotic development
-poor infection control practices

Question 54

What can we do to avoid antibiotic resistance?

Answer 54

-control the use of existing antibiotics
-create new ones
-combat resistance to new and existing drugs
-find new ways to fight bacterial infections (maybe using fungus as a majority have existed for 1k+ years and they have antibiotic compounds in them that can queue survival against bacteria)

Question 55

Describe the characteristics of kingdom protista

Answer 55

-very diverse group of organisms (115 000) known species
-all of the organisms that don’t fit into other kingdoms (odd-balls)
-play key roles in aquatic ecosystems
-they are eukaryotic and have both nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

ex. amoeba, green algae, paramecium

Question 56

How do the kingdom protista organisms reproduce?

Answer 56

both sexually and asexually

Question 57

What are the three categories for organisms within kingdom protista?

Answer 57

Animal-like protists
Plant-like protists
Fungus-like protists

Question 58

What are the characteristics of the organisms within the animal-like protist category of kingdom protista

Answer 58

Animal-like protists:
-called “protozans”
motility: have flagella, cilia, or pseudopods (temporary projections of the cytoplasm) that facilitate movement
-life in an aquatic environment, wet soil, or fluids inside other organisms
-animal-like because they are heterotrophic
-pseudopods help them move around as they literally are called false foot

FEEDING METHOD:
pseudopods create extensions and form a food vacuole to obtain food
MEMORIZE DIAGRAM for feeding and paramecium example*

Question 59

What are the characteristics of the organisms within the plant-like protest category of kingdom protista

Answer 59

-have chloroplasts with chlorophyll and thus carry out photosynthesis (autotrophic)
-some unicellular, some multicellular
-live in aquatic environments and wet soil

Question 60

What are the seven divisions of plant-like protists within kingdom protista?

Answer 60

1) Algae
2) Diatoms
3) Dinoflagellates
4) Euglenoids
5) Brown Algae
6) Green Algae
7) Red Algae

Question 61

What are the characteristics of the organisms within the fungus-like protest category of kingdom protista

Answer 61

-feed on dead and decaying matter by endocytosis (heterotrophic)
-live in cool and damp habitats
-reproduce by releasing spores (like fungus)

Question 62

What are spores?

Answer 62

cells that can grow into new organisms

Question 63

Describe kingdom animalia and its species’ charateristics

Answer 63

-classified by multicellular organisms and are all eukaryotic
-they do not have cell walls, they are heterotrophic
-most reproduce sexually

ex. birds, elephants, sponges, insects

-group is divided into vertebrates (backbone) and invertebrates (no backbone)
-kingdom is further divided into 10 phyla

Question 64

What are the major characteristics used to classify animals in kingdom animalia?

Answer 64

1) Body organization: tissues, organs
2) Embryonic Germ Cell Layera: two or three layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
3) Symmetry: radial or bilateral
4) Digestive tract: one opening or two
5) Coelom: true body cavity formed within the mesoderm, partially formed, none

Question 65

Which kingdom is the most diverse in appearance?

Answer 65

kingdom animalia

Question 66

What is an animal?

Answer 66

heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, lack cell walls

Question 67

What are the 7 essential functions of animals according to kingdom animalia?

Answer 67

1) Feeding
2) Respiration
3) Circulation
4) Excretion
5) Response
6) Movement
7) Reproduction

Question 68

What is the cell specialization and levels of organization in an animal’s evolution?

Answer 68

cells-tissue-organs-organ systems

Question 69

What is body symmetry within kingdom animalia, and what are the types?

Answer 69

Body symmetry: the body plan of an animal, how its parts are arranged

asymmetry: no pattern

radial: shaped like a wheel

bilateral: right and left side

cephalization: an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head)
*the more complex the animal the more pronounced their cephalization

segmentation: advanced animals have body segments and specialization of tissue (humans are segmented)

Question 70

What are the 10 phyla’s of kingdom animalia?

Answer 70

1) Ponifera (sponges): no mouth or digestive cavity, marine

2) Cnidaria: jellyfish, hydra, motile, radial symmetry, marine

3) Platyhelminthes (flatworms): tapeworms, flukes, free living in marine/ freshwater, body flattened, mouth but no anus

4) Nematoda (roundworms): pinworm, hookworm, slender, free-living or parasitic, all habitats

5) Rotifera (wheel): rotifers, anterior end ringed with cilia, freshwater with some marine

6) Annelida (segmented worms): earthworms, leeches, segmented, mouth and anus

7) Mollusca: snails, clams, squids, have shells, all habitats

8) Athropoda: insects, crabs, mites, spiders, segmented with possible jointed appendages, all habitats

9) Echinodermata: starfish, sea urchin, radial symmetry in adults, marine

10) Chordata: fish, amphibians, birds reptiles, mammals, all habitats, notochord at some time in life history

Question 71

How are plants described in kingdom plantae?

Answer 71

plants are described based on a variety of criteria including:
-vascular structure
-arrangement of vascular bundles
-seed production
-types of seeds

Question 72

Describe a plant’s vascular structure and its benefits (kingdom plantae)

Answer 72

-plants use their vascular structure to move materials around the plant
-the structures occur in bundles within a plant and these bundles are scattered/arranged in rings

Question 73

Describe a plants reproduction process & seeds (kingdom plantae)

Answer 73

-plants reproduce asexually or sexually
-seeds are the result of sexual reproduction
-pollination occurs when the male gamete in a pollen grain penetrates an ovule containing the egg cell (female gamete)
-a plant seed contains an embryo and a food supply, surrounded by a protective outer covering (seed coat)

Question 74

Describe plant leaves (kingdom plantae)

Answer 74

-the general structure of leaves helps them carry out the roles in photosynthesis, and gas exchange
-most leaves have flattened areas known as the blade, the blade is attached to the stem by a stalk-like structure called a petoile
-leaves can be simple, with one blade, or leaves can be compound with several leaflets attached to the petiole

Question 75

What are the two main groups dividing plants in kingdom plantae?

Answer 75

vascular (seedless plants (ex. ferns), or seed-producing plants)

non-vascular plants (ex. mosses)

Question 76

How are seed-producing plants further subdivided in kingdom plantae?

Answer 76

Seed-producing plants:
-Gymnosperms: naked seeds not enclosed in a fruit
ex. spruce trees

-Angiosperms: seeds are enclosed in fruit, formed from flowers
ex. apple trees

Question 77

What is the further division of angiosperm seed-producing plants? (kingdom plantae)

Answer 77

Monocots vs Dicots

Question 78

What are the similarities vs differences between plants and fungi?

Answer 78

Similarities:
-eukaryotic
-do not show movement
-similar growth patterns
-membrane-bound organelles

Differences:
-fungi cell walls made up of chitin, plant cellulose
-plants have roots, fungi have mycelium

Question 79

What are the five ways monocots and dicots are different? (kingdom plantae)

Answer 79

Monocots:
-Flowers bear petals in multiples of 3
-Monocots have one seed leaf/cotyledon
-Monocot stems are simple, and soft, with vascular bundles scattered randomly
-Monocot leaves are parallel with veins and tend to be in one place with simple shapes
-The monocot root is fibrous, some produce underground roots such as bulbs

Dicots:
-Flowers usually bear petals in groups of four or five
-Dicots have two seed leaves/cotyledon
-Dicot stem is complex, has a centre core and a woody portion which contains the cortex and the bark
-Dicot leaves can be simple or compound, they have reticulate veins and often intricate edges
-Dicot roots are generally a woody tap root

Question 80

What is seed dispersal? What are the 6 methods? (kingdom plantae)

Answer 80

-plants use seed dispersal to move or transport their seeds away from the parent plant as they have limited mobility, seeds can be dispersed away individually or collectively as well as being dispersed in space and time

Six main methods of dispersal
1)Gravity
2) Wind
3) Animal Dispersal
4)Ballistic
5) Water
6) Serotiny

Question 81

Explain the gravity seed dispersal method (kingdom plantae)

Answer 81

-moves seeds from where they are produced
-effect of gravity on heavier fruits causes them to fall from the plant when ripe
-fruits exhibiting this type of dispersal could be coconuts, apples (harder shells)
-often roll away from the plant to claim distance
-gravity dispersal allows for later transmission by water animals

Question 82

Explain the wind seed dispersal method (kingdom plantae)

Answer 82

-more primitive way of moving seeds
-seeds can float on the breeze or flutter to the ground
ex. head of dandelion seeds acts as a parachute to catch wind

Question 83

Explain the animal dispersal seed dispersal method (kingdom plantae)

Answer 83

-some have barbs or structures that get tangled in animal fur/feathers and get carried to new sites
-plants can produce seeds in fleshy fruits that get eaten by animals, then get digested and sent through tracts and dropped into new locations
-some animals bury seeds (squirrels with acorns) save them for later but often forget about them, and these grow into new plants

Question 84

Explain the ballistic seed dispersal method (kingdom plantae)

Answer 84

-seed is forcefully ejected away from the parent plant
-the structure of a plant/ seed pod can help with this type of dispersal

Question 85

Explain the water seed dispersal method (kingdom plantae)

Answer 85

-aquatic and terrestrial plants use water to disperse seeds
-seeds can travel for extremely long distances, depending on the specific mode of water dispersal; this especially applies to fruits which are waterproof and float

Question 86

Explain the serotiny seed dispersal method (kingdom plantae)

Answer 86

-seeds released for dispersal as a result of environmental change, rather than spontaneously at seed maturation

POSSIBLE TRIGGERS:
-death of parent plant or branch
-wetting
-warming by the sun
-drying atmospheric conditions
-fire (MOST COMMON)
-fire followed by wetting

Question 87

How do mushrooms grow? (kingdom fungi)

Answer 87

-live in dark places
-feed off decaying matter
-grow from spores
-spores develop in the gills
-gills are under the cap
-spores shot out of gills and mix with spores from other mushrooms
-spores and spread by wind
-when spores grow, they develop hyphae
-hyphae grow together and form the mycelium
-mycelium produces a fruiting body that is seen above the surface
MEMORIZE MUSHROOM AND FUNGI DIAGRAM*

Question 88

How do fungi reproduce? (kingdom fungi)

Answer 88

-sexually and asexually
-this is beneficial as it allows them to adjust to the environment vastly and spread quickly, as well as increase genetic variations through the reproduction

Question 89

What are fungal spores? (kingdom fungi)

Answer 89

-haploid cells produced by mitosis from a haploid parent cell
-genetically identical to parent call, fungi use these spores to colonize areas and continue life
-they have evolved so that the fungi offspring will not have to compete with the parent cells for space/ resources
-methods of dispersal are wind and water

Question 90

What is budding? (kingdom fungi)

Answer 90

-does not include spores
-includes the pinching off of an offspring from the parent cell
-this offspring is genetically identical to the parent cell
ex. yeast (asexual)

Question 91

How do fungi mate?

Answer 91

-two haploid hyphae fuse, forming a diploid spore called a zygospore
-the zygospore is genetically different from the parents, after it germinates it undergoes meiosis, further forming haploid cells that can develop into new hyphae

Question 92

Describe the parts of the mushroom (kingdom fungi)

Answer 92

The cap: supports and protects gills of pores which are where the spores are produced

Ring or annulus: partial veil grows from the edge of the cap to the stem, the ring or annulus is what is left on the stem and the cap grows and breaks the veil. the veil provides extra protection to the spores when the toadstool was young

Stem or stipe: holds up the cap so that when the spores drop down they are high enough from the ground to drift away

Mycelium: the ‘hidden body’ of the fungus. finds the food for the fungus and when conditions are suitable it can produce a toadstool or fruiting body

Gills: gills or pores grow under the cap and produce spores. to produce, protect, and scatter the spores is why the toadstool grows.

The volva: if the fungus ha a universal veil the volva is what is left of the veil at the bottom of the stem when the veil is broken. the veil is broken as the toadstool grows. the veil sometimes leaves spots on the cap as well.
MEMORIZE DIAGRAM*

Question 93

What are pseudopodia?

Answer 93

temporary protrusions of the cytoplasm of an organism that is attempting o help the call move in a sliding locomotion, or attempting to help it enclose food and create a food vacuole
-literally means false foot

Question 94

What is cilia?

Answer 94

small hair-like structures that play a role in the motion of a cell, specifically in moving water relative to the cell in a regular movement (moving contents, helps cell move)

Question 95

What are hermaphrodites?

Answer 95

animals that have both female and male parts, produce both eggs
ex. planaria

Question 96

Name the similarities and differences between plants and animals

Answer 96

Similarities:
-have cells
-can grow and reproduce
-both have DNA
-both respond to stimuli in the environment

Differences:
-structure
-adaptation
-ways of obtaining energy
-makeup of cell wall

Question 97

How can you identify is an organism is a separate species?

Answer 97

their ability to reproduce, genetic differences, and physical characteristics, as these traits make them unique and identify their compatibility with another organism. if everything as such differs, their traits will be considered different and labelled as a different species, and fit into another one of the kingdoms.