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AP Psych > unit 1 test MQR > Flashcards

unit 1 test MQR Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
observable action
Individual thoughts and feelings cannot be directly observed
perspective

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2
Q

Animal Testing

A

substitutes for research that would be
considered unethical in human
participants (minimize infection, illness,
and pain in animal subjects)

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3
Q

Debriefing

A

participants in a completed research
project a fuller explanation of the study in
which they participated than was possible
before or during the research

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4
Q

deception

A

participants in order to maintain the
integrity of the experiment, but not to the
point where the deception could be
considered harmful

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5
Q

Confidentiality

A

y Any data collected in the
experiment should remain completely
confidentia

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6
Q

Discontinuing Participation

A

Participant
is capable of discontinuing participation
at any time

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7
Q

An informed consent

A

form provides a written description of
what participants can expect during the
experiment, including potential risks and
implications of the research

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8
Q

IRB

A

Review proposals for research that
involves human participants. Approval
from the IRB is required in order for the
experiment to proceed

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9
Q

ETHICS GUIDELINES FOR
RESEARCH

A

respecting their privacy and keeping their private information confidential.
respecting their right to change their mind, to decide that the research does not match their interests, and to withdraw without a penalty

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10
Q

General Principle

A

Psychologists strive
to benefit those with whom they work
and take care to do no harm

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11
Q

meta-analysis technique

A

Researcher reviews previously
published studies on a topic, then
analyzes the various results to find
general trends across the studies

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12
Q

null hypothesis

A

Predicts there will not
be significant relationship

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13
Q

Statistical Significance:

A

Is a measure of
the likelihood that the difference between
groups results from a real difference
between the two groups rather than from
chance alone

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14
Q

Inferential statistics

A

are used to interpret data and draw
conclusions (small sample to large
population)

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15
Q

Symmetry about the center

A

sweked data
An outlier is disproportionately affecting the mean, A few of the scores stretch
out away from the group like a tail. The skew is named for the direction of the tail.
negative skew
Long
“tail” is on the negative side of the peak.
The mean is also on the left of the peak
positive skew
: The
long tail is on the positive side of the
peak. The mean is on the right of the
peak value

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16
Q

Normal Distributions

A

Bell Curve”,
shape of the distribution when graphed,
The mean, mode, and median turn out to
be the same score in symmetrical

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17
Q

z-scores

A

:The number of standard
deviations from the mean a data
point is
● Zscores range from 3 standard
deviations up to +3 standard
deviations

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18
Q

Small SD

A

More scores bunch together
around the mean

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19
Q

Large SD

A

Scores are more spread out
from the mean

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20
Q

standard deviation

A

The standard deviation is the average amount of variability in your data set. It tells you, on average, how far each score lies from the mean.

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21
Q

Measure of Central Tendency

A

A single score that represents a whole set of scores
● Mode “Most” is the most frequently occurring score in a data set
○ Put the numbers in order. Then count how many of each number. A number that
appears most often is the mode
range

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22
Q

median

A

is the middle number in a set of scores (*less sensitive to extremes)
○ Place the numbers in value order and find the middle

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23
Q

mean

A

The mean (average) of a data set is found by adding all numbers in the data set and then dividing by the number of values in the set.

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24
Q

histogram

A

A histogram is a graph used to represent the frequency distribution of a few data points of one variable. Histograms often classify data into various “bins” or “range groups” and count how many data points belong to each of those bins.

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25
Q

Frequency Distribution Table

A

An
orderly arrangement of scores indicating
the frequency of each score or group of
scores

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26
Q

descriptive statistics

A

The analysis of
data that helps describe, show or
summarize data in a meaningful way
such that patterns might emerge from the
data

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27
Q

Statistics

A

Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.

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28
Q

case study

A

case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject’s life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior

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29
Q

Survey

A
  • While the survey the number of participants allows for the dilemma the more the merrier as
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30
Q

Naturalistic

A

Naturalistic observation is a research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment

31
Q

● Experiment-

A

An experiment is an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested. An independent variable (the cause) is manipulated in an experiment, and the dependent variable (the effect) is measured; any extraneous variables are controlled. An advantage is that experiments should be objective

32
Q

Biological-

A

– is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behaviour.

33
Q

Humanism

A
  • Emphasis the human capacity for choice and growth. Positive outlook on people
    related to their motivation.
34
Q

Behaviorism-

A

Observable behaviors and learned behaviors/ people animals, controlled by their
environment.

35
Q

Cognitive

A
  • Process of the mind focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving,
    language, and learning.
36
Q

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic

A
  • Unconscious mind and childhood experiences are crucial in
    shaping adult personality active listing and they make you make connections.
37
Q

● Sociocultura

A
  • focuses on society culture in terms social culture in terms social customs, beliefs,
    and values.
38
Q

Evolutionary-

A
  • Natural selection , basic principles of evolution
39
Q

Independent Variable-

A
  • variation or variable that doesn’t depend on the other.
40
Q

● Dependent Variable

A
  • The value that depends of the other
41
Q

Confounding Variable

A

an extraneous factor that interferes with the relationship between an experiment’s independent and dependent variables.

42
Q

Cross-sectional Design

A

A cross-sectional study looks at data at a single point in time. The participants in this type of study are selected based on particular variables of interest. Cross-sectional studies are often used in developmental psychology, but this method is also used in many other areas, including social science and education

43
Q

Longitudinal Design-

A

researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time

44
Q

causation

A

Causation agrees on the aspect that one event causes the other while in correlation is two different
particular events that occurred at the same time.

45
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach:

A

Eclectic (combining) Approach, Multiple perspectives
included, Links between genetics and environment
The approach encompasses (1) biological, (2)
psychological, and (3) socio-cultural influence

46
Q

biological perspective

A

he
influence of genetics and brain chemistry on thinking
and behavior (physical and biological processes)
● This perspective has grown significantly over the
last few decades with advances in technology

47
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Psychologists and
researchers take the basic principles of evolution,
including natural selection, and apply them to
psychological phenomena

48
Q

Functionalism

A

an early school of
thought promoted by James and
influenced by Darwin; explored
how mental and behavioral
processes function - how they
enable the organism to adapt,
survive and flourish

49
Q

Structuralism

A

an early school
of thought promoted by Wundt
and Titchner; used
introspection to reveal the
structure of the human mind

50
Q

Descriptive Research

A

These studies are used to describe general or
specific behaviors and attributes that are observed and measured
● Allows the development of questions for further study

51
Q

Observer Effect

A

When people know
they are being watched, they are less
likely to behave naturally

52
Q

Hawthorne Effect:

A

Individuals may change their
behavior due to the attention they are receiving
from researchers rather than because of any
manipulation of independent variables.

53
Q

Observer Bias “Research Bias”

A

People who act as observers are
closely involved in the research
project and may unconsciously skew
their observations to fit their research
goals or expectations

54
Q

Correlational Studies:

A

Research used to see if two
variables are related and to make predictions based on
the relationship

55
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

The direction of the relationship
between variable and its strength, helps us figure how closely
two things vary together, and thus how well either one
predicts the other

56
Q

Positive

A

One variable increases so does
the other, and when one variable decreases so
does the othe

57
Q

negative

A

A decrease in one variable is
associated with an increase in the other and vice versa

58
Q

Experimental Method:

A

The only way to
establish that there is a cause-and-effect
relationship between two variables is to
conduct a scientific experiment

59
Q

Independent Variable “Treatment” (X):

A

The factor
that the experimenter controls and manipulates
● Independent variables are selected because an
experimenter believes they will cause changes
in behavior

60
Q

Dependent Variable (Outcome/ Measured) (Y)

A

The
variable that is being measured or tested in an
experiment

61
Q

Confounding Variables “Lurking Variable”:

A

Differences between the experimental group and
the control group other than those resulting from
the independent variable

62
Q

Operational Definitions

A

A definition of the variable in
terms of precisely how it is to be measured

63
Q

Population:

A

Includes all of the individuals in the group
to which the study applies
● To save time and money, most researchers use a
subgroup of the population called a sample in
their experimental research

64
Q

Confederate:

A

Individuals who seem to
be participants but in reality are part of
the research team, trick real participants
into thinking they are fellow participants

65
Q

Representative Sample

A

A group that closely matches the
characteristics of its population as a whole
● If a sample is drawn randomly from a population, that
sample is more likely to be representative
● The larger the sample size, the more likely it is to
represent the population

66
Q

Random Sample

A

Select people to participate in
research in such a way that everyone in the population
has an equal chance of being included
● The random sampling also dictates that the
experimenter must have little to no

67
Q

Experiment quasi

A

Designed a lot like a true experiment except that the participants are not randomly
assigned to experimental groups (not controlled)

68
Q

Placebo Condition “Expectation

A

: Allows researchers
to separate the effect of the variable itself from the
expectations of the participants
● Participants in the experimental group usually
receive the drug with the active ingredient,
while subjects in the control group receive a
drug that seems identical (placebo

69
Q

Single-Blind Studies

A

A research design in which
the participants don’t know which treatment
group—experimental or control—they are in
● This is done in order to ensure that
participants don’t bias the results by acting
in ways they “think” they should act

70
Q

Double-Blind Studie

A

A research design in
which neither the experimenter nor the
participants know who is in the experimental
group and who is in the control group

71
Q

Eliminate Researcher Bias

A

, error resulting
from the experiment’s unconscious
expectations of results

72
Q

Reliability “Consistency”

A

Whether or not an
experiment can be repeated
● The degree to which an experiment
produces similar scores each time it is
used

73
Q

Validity “Accuracy”

A

It is vital for a test to be valid in order
for the results to be accurately
applied and interpreted

AP Psych (1 decks)

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