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Biology 202 > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous structures

A

structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

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2
Q

Under what condition will evolution NOT occur?

A

no genetic variation in the population

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3
Q

An organism’s fitness is measured by…?

A

its contribution to gene pool in the next generation

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4
Q

The biological species concept relies on disruption of….

A

Gene flow

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5
Q

Which species concept is difficult to apply to bacteria?

A

Biological species concept

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6
Q

Gene flow

A

the transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

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7
Q

Genetic drift

A

a process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next; most apparent in small populations; can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

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8
Q

Biological species concept

A

Definition of a species as a group of populations who members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring but do not produce viable offspring with members of other groups (species)

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9
Q

Ecological species concept

A

Definition of a species in terms of ecological niche; the sum of how members of a species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment

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10
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Definition of a species in terms of body shape and other structural features

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11
Q

Habitat isolation

A

Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area rarely, if at all, encounter each other because of obvious physical barriers

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12
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Species that breed during different times of the day, seasons, or years

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13
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Mating is attempted, but morphological differences prevent its successful completion

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14
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another

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15
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Courtship rituals that attract mat and other behaviors unique to species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species

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16
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

The genes of different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid’s development or survival in its environment

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17
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

If the chromosomes of the two parent species differ in number or structure, meiosis in the hybrids may fail to produce normal gametes

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18
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Even if the hybrid is viable and fertile, when they mate with another hybrid or one of the parent species, offspring of the next generation could be feeble or sterile

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19
Q

The largest unit in which gene flow can occur is…

A

A species

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20
Q

What is the order of events in allopatric speciation?

A

Genetic isolation –> drift –> divergence

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21
Q

What are the two types of extinction?

A
  • Normal Background Extinction (“wedge”)

- Mass Extinction (“wheel”)

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22
Q

What is the “wedge” concept?

A

It’s when a new species either migrates or a new subspecies is created where at least two species already exist. With them “wedging” themselves into the new environment, one of the existing species will get pushed out or go extinct.

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23
Q

What is the “wheel” concept?

A

Like the show “Wheel of Fortune,” random, win or lose; a random species will be picked to go extinct; no matter how evolved a species is, they have no better chance of surviving than any other species.

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24
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

As a species, you must keep evolving and maintaining your fitness to not go extinct.

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25
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
In a population that's not evolving, allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation - p^2, q^2, 2pq
26
Law of Constant Extinction
The chance of going extinct in each time period does not change (Red Queen Hypothesis); log graph
27
Lamarck
- Transformational Theory: species mutates in direction favored by the environment (giraffes' necks) - inherent tendency towards increasing complexity driven by "internal hydraulic forces"
28
Lyell
Principles of Geology - small, uniform physical forces acting over long periods, gave rise to great changes in the landscape (similar to natural selection) - geological processes happen today
29
Curvier
Catastrophism: changes in earth's crust during geological history have resulted primarily from sudden violent and unusual events
30
Hutton
Gradualism (species diverge from another more slowly and steadily over time) and Uniformitarianism (punctuated equilibrium)
31
What mechanisms cause frequency change? (3)
- Genetic Drift - Gene Flow - Natural Selection
32
Microevolution
change in allele frequency within a species/population
33
Somatic cells
mutations not inherited (physique)
34
Gametic cells
mutations inherited
35
Taxonomic Classification System (7)
``` Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus ```
36
Natural theology
literal translation of the Bible
37
William Paley's natural theology
things are complex, didn't happen by chance; intelligent designer
38
Darwinian theory
each body part produces gemmules which went to the genitals and therefore offspring have characteristics of both parents
39
Sources of Genetic Variation (2)
- new genes and alleles can arise by mutation | - sexual reproduction can result in genetic variation by recombining existing alleles
40
Handicap Principle
Males still surviving with a significant handicap are seen as having a higher fitness (more desirable to females)
41
Directional Selection
Conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other
42
Disruptive Selection
Conditions favors individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes
43
Stabilizing Selection
Conditions act against both extreme phenotypes and favors the intermediate variants
44
What are the 3 main forms of natural selection?
- Directional Selection - Disruptive Selection - Stabilizing Selection
45
Sexual Selection
a process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates
46
What are the 2 types of sexual selection?
- Intrasexual selection: selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex - Intersexual selection: individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex
47
Balancing Selection
when selection itself may preserve variation at some loci, thus maintaining two or more phenotypic forms in a population
48
Frequency-dependent selection
the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population
49
Neodarwinism
Long periods of stasis is caused by long periods of stabilizing selection while the environment is relatively changing
50
Founder effect
genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population
51
Bottleneck effect
genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions; usually the remaining population is no longer genetically representative of the original population
52
Extinction vortex
a downward population spiral in which inbreeding and genetic drift combine to cause a small population to shrink and, unless the spiral is reversed, become extinct
53
Speciation
the process by which one species splits into two or more species
54
Allopatric speciation
gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geologically isolated sub-populations
55
Sympatric speciation
speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geological area
56
Conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (5)
- No mutations: the gene pool is modified if mutations occur or if entire genes are depleted or duplicated - Random mating: if individuals mate with a subset of the population, such as neighbors or close relatives, random mixing of gametes does not occur and genotype frequencies change - No natural selection: allele frequencies change when individuals with different genotypes show consistent differences in their survival or reproductive success - Extremely large population size: in small populations, allele frequencies fluctuate by chance over time (genetic drift) - No gene flow: by moving alleles into or out of populations, gene flow can alter allele frequencies
57
Autopolyploid
an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species
58
Allopolyploid
Hybrids that are fertile when mating with each other but can not interbreed with parent species
59
Malthus
Thought that a lot of species suffering resulted from the population’s potential to increase faster than food supplies and other resources
60
Protandry
one female, multiple males
61
Polygyny
one male, multiple females
62
Emergent property
go to higher level like ant colony; there are things you see at the colony level but not at the other levels; different functions at higher level which you can’t see at the lower level.
63
Punctuated Equilibrium
Gould; new species change most as they branch from a parent species and then change little for the rest of their existence
64
Gradualism
Darwin; species diverge from one another more slowly over time
65
Overlapping Magisteria
Testable hypothesis, talk-able facts, provable
66
Non-overlapping Magisteria
Not testable, stay in your own lane, religion

Biology 202 (3 decks)

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