Unit #1 Test Flashcards
Identify the two main cultural groups in Canada at the turn of the century
Imperialists: English-speaking Canadians proud to be British subjects
Nationalists: French-speaking Canadians; did not like the British empire
Two main political groups & their beliefs and priorities
Liberals:
Beliefs: human rights
Priorities: economic freedom
Conservatives:
Beliefs: keeping traditional social structures
Priorities: nationalism, keeping the status quo
Two processes that were occurring in Canada at the turn of the century
Industrialization:
-economy became more reliant on manufacturing rather than agriculture
-rural & urban areas grew rapidly due to industrialization
Immigration & Settlement:
-government encouraged immigration to western provinces
-immigration to the prairies helped with the growth of towns, farms, & communities
How were Native Canadians treated at the turn of the century?
-discrimination & racism
-residential schools to get rid of kids cultural teachings
-Indian act allowed the government to control aboriginal peoples
-government applied a head tax of $50 to any Chinese immigrant
Four indirect causes of the First World War (M.A.I.N.) how did they contribute
Militarism: a nation’s policy of enlisting & training armed forces - created a competition between countries to make better weapons
Alliances: agreement among groups working toward a common goal - ended up dividing countries
Imperialism: policy of a nation acquiring or dominating another country or region - created tension
Nationalism: Devotion & support of one’s culture and nation - intensified competition & distrust
What are the names of the two opposing sides at the start of the war? Which countries are involved and on which sides?
Allied:
-France
-Great Britain
-Russia
-Serbia
-Belgium
Central:
-Germany
-Austria-Hungary
-Italy
-Ottoman Empire
What event triggers or ‘sparks’ the war? Why?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the attack and issued an ultimatum, which they refused, leading Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia.
Explain the sequence of events that leads from the ‘spark’, to the actual fighting
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia
Germany declared war on Russia in support of Austria-Hungary
Germany invaded Belgium & declares war on France
As a result of a Belgian invasion, Britain declares war on Germany
How did Germany plan to win the war as quickly as possible? Why did they choose this approach? How was it supposed to work?
By the schlieffen plan - took 9 years.
Germany thought they would be faced with a war on 2 fronts with France and Russia.
Put German forces in the west to take Paris and defeat France quickly, then take on the Russians.
Why was Canada automatically at war with Germany in 1914?
A British declaration of war on Germany meant that the whole British Empire was at war – including Canada.
What was the Canadian Expeditionary Force?
Canadian military units that served overseas
Describe Trench Warfare during WWI on the Western Front.
-massive casualties
-very poor conditions
-neither side able to secure a victory
-suffered from disease (pneumonia, trench foot), lice, vermin (rats)
-constant exposure to gunfire
Briefly explain how each of the following technologies contributed to WWI
Machine guns
Barbed wire
Canned food
Telephones
Submarines & torpedos
Artillery
Airplanes
Tanks
Poison gas
Machine guns: firepower of 100 guns
Barbed wire: deadly obstacle
Canned food: sustained armies year-round
Telephones: communication on the battlefield
Submarines & torpedoes: targeted enemy ships
Artillery: bombarded trenches from far away
Airplanes: reconnaissance, bombing, & dogfights
Tanks: crossed trenches, crushed barbed wire, mobile firepower
Poison gas: moved enemies out of their trenches & caused casualties
Identify and explain the significance of the War Measures Act, Wartime Elections Act, and the Military Voter’s Act.
War measures: allowed governments emergency powers during wartime - allowed the government to act quickly to the challenges of war
Wartime elections: gave women with close relatives in war the right to vote - step towards women’s voting rights
Military voters: soldiers serving in the army are able to vote in elections - ensured that soldiers had a say
What was the Khaki Election?
The 1917 federal election held during the final stages of the war. Borden’s efforts to win the military vote took place here.
Women over 30 were allowed to vote
Explain conscription and why it was significant for Canada during the First World War.
Forced enlistment in the armed forces of all fit men of certain ages.
Important bc voluntary enlistments declined.
Briefly explain the 4 significant battles that Canadian soldiers participated in. How did Canada make a contribution to each?
2nd Battle of Ypres: Germans attacked with chlorine gas. French stepped back & Canadian forces held off German troops by urinating & neutralizing the gas.
Battle of the Somme: called “bloodbath”, resulted in 1m+ casualties. Canadians fought alongside & took the same pounding.
Battle of Vimy Ridge: Canadian soldiers successfully claimed after both french & Britain soldiers couldn’t. Used leapfrogging method
Battle of Passchendaele: Canadians were ordered to capture it & did despite 15k casualties. Heavy rains turned it into a mud swamp. 1/2 1m casualties.
What caused Russia to leave the war? What caused the United States to enter? In what year did these changes take place?
Russia left because it was in the interest of Russian Communists (Bolsheviks) who took power in 1917
US joined to oppose Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare, attacks on US ships, and attempts to form an alliance with Mexico in 1917
Briefly explain the Hundred Days
The final Allied offensive against the Central Powers on the Western Front.
This broke the German lines and led to the collapse of the German Empire.
When did the fighting of World War One end? When did the war officially end?
End of Fighting (Armistice): November 11, 1918
Official End of War (Treaty of Versailles): June 28, 1919
Briefly outline the main points of the Treaty of Versailles. Was it a good peace settlement?
(fair, appropriate, etc.)
-creation of the League of Nations
-new borders & states
Germany…
- lost territory
- military restrictions
- had to accept full responsibility
- had to pay reparations (32B)
It was unfair and harsh to the Germans, but they deserved it
What was the Spanish Flu? Why was it significant?
A global influenza pandemic that occurred in 1918-1919.
Caused a high mortality rate, with an estimated 50-100m deaths, far surpassing WWI. It killed men, woman, elderly, children
Briefly describe the Winnipeg General Strike and explain its significance to the rest of Canada
A massive labor strike that took place in Winnipeg.
-Over 30K workers across various industries went on strike
-Became the largest strike in Canadian history at the time
Describe the following events and their influence on Canada becoming an independent country:
a) The Chanak Affair, 1922
b) The Halibut Treaty, 1923
c) The Imperial Conference, 1923
d) The Constitutional Crisis, 1926
e) The Imperial Conference, 1926
Chanak Affair: Canada refused to support Britain in its conflict with Turkey, asserting its right to make independent foreign policy decisions
Halibut Treaty: Canada signed the Halibut Treaty with the United States without British involvement, marking its first independent international agreement.
Imperial Conference: Canada gained a larger role in imperial discussions.
Constitutional Crisis: The King-Byng Affair highlighted British influence over Canadian governance. Canada insisted on control over affairs, rejecting British influence.
Imperial Conference: The Balfour Report recognized Canada’s full autonomy.
What was Prohibition and how did it impact Canadian society in the twenties?
When the production, sale, & consumption of alcoholic beverages were banned in various provinces
-rise of illegal alcohol
-economic effects
-social tensions
-political changes
Briefly describe some new forms of technology in the 1920s
Automobiles: greatly improved transportation
Radio: became a major source of entertainment & communication
Vacuums & refrigerators: eased household chores & improved daily life
Aviation: significant milestones in aviation led to the rise of air travel
Timeline
- Assassination
- Ypres
- Somme
- Vimy Ridge
- Khaki election
- Armistice day
- Winnipeg strike
- Versailles
- Halibut treaty
- Person’s case
- Westminister
