Unit 1 Test Flashcards
a genetically based change in a line of descent over time
evolution
what 2 types is evolution broken down into?
micro and macro evolution
small changes over time
micro evolution
major changes over time
macro evolution
when does micro evolution occur?
occurred in the recent past to present
when does macro evolution occur?
occurred a long time ago
which type of evolution has visible changes and evidence that is plentiful and obvious?
micro evolution (height and mottled moth)
which type of evolution has evidence that is sparse and there are no intermediates to believe?
macro evolution (must trust historical data
when assessing data, what should be true for its probability to be correct?
the probability must outweigh the possibility
when superficially similar traits evolve independently in different species
convergent evolution
this is when an adaptation in one species leads to adaptation in another
co-evolution
a learned behavior that is passed on from one parent to offspring
cultural evolution
remains of organisms that that no longer exist
fossils
formation of distinct layers in rock
soil stratification
looking at similar and dissimilar structures in organisms
comparative anatomy
structures with similar internal anatomy yet different functions
homologous structures
structures with a similar function yet different anatomy
analogous structure
structures with no apparent purpose
vestigial structures
the embryo of many vertebrates are nearly identical at early stages of development
comparative embryology
all organisms use the same ATP, 20 amino acids, DNA, and RNA
comparative biochemistry
theory that all life evolved from a primordial soup
pre-biotic synthesis theory
the 4 theories of evolution
pre-biotic synthesis, monomer, polymer, and cellular
the module where speciation occurs after species become isolated with each group slowly continuing on its own evolutionary pathway
gradualistic module
the module where periods of no change are interrupted by speciation
punctuated equilibrium module
the breeding of organisms with a specific desired outcome or the selection of specific traits for our purposes or reasons
artificial selection
the change in the genetics of a population over many generations
evolution
deals with frequency, distribution, and inheritance of alleles in a population
population genetics
the total of all the alleles for that gene in a population
gene pool
the total of all alleles for all genes in a population
total gene pool
the relative proportion of different alleles
allele frequency
population in which allele frequency and distribution of genotypes remain constant from one generation to the next
equilibrium population
the flow of genes between populations
migration
genes going out
emigration
genes going in
immigrations
changes in allele frequency of a small population by chance
genetic drift
when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size leaving few organisms to contribute genetics to future generations
population bottleneck
occurs in isolated population founded by few individuals
founder effect
one male and multiple females
hareem mating
choosing mates with traits similar to themselves
assortative selection
the selecting is “always” done by one sex
sexual selection
the organisms best adapted to their environment survive, the least adapted die
natural selection
selects for one extreme and against the average and the other extreme
directional selection
selects for the average and against the extremes
stabilizing selection
selects for both extremes and against the average
disruptive selection
when 2 or more alleles are maintained in a population because each is favored by a distinct selective force
balanced polymorphism
the major photosynthetic group on earth, the simplest eukaryotes
protists
help ruminant animals digest cellulose
stomach microbes
remove dead material
breakdown bacteria
single prokaryotic cells
bacteria
the 3 ways to classify bacteria
color, shape, and locomotion
the 3 classic shapes of bacteria
bacilli, cocci, and spirillia
these help bacteria escape detection by your immune system
capsules
these help bacteria adhere to surfaces
slime layers
fuzz that helps bacteria attach to surfaces
pili
long whiplike extension of the plasma membrane
flagella
type of bacteria that contains something to cause them to align with the earth’s magnetic fields
magnetotactic bacteria
provide a mechanism for travel and protect the bacteria in bad environments
spores
reproduction that produces an identical copy of the bacteria
asexual reproduction
reproduction that is a transfer of genetic material through a tube
sexual reproduction
where do bacteria live?
everywhere that they are specific for
what are the different ways bacteria get nutrients
photosynthesis, chemosynthetic, cellulose, and anaerobes
cause disease or disease like symptoms
pathogen
the 2 ancient protists
kinetoplastids and parabasalids
flagellated protozoans that parasitize almost all animal groups
kinetoplastids
flagellated protozoans that form symbiotic relationships with animals (not parasitic)
parabasalids
protist that used to be classified as plasmodial (amoeba)
amoeboid
protists that have calcified exoskeletons
rhizopods
protists that have “ray feet” (radiolarians and heliozoans)
actinopods
protists that have an outer membrane sack under the outer membrane for stability (aveolates)
ciliates
protists that are all parasitic and many cause serious human illnesses
sporozoans
protists that are marine phytoplankton and cause the red tide
dinoflagellates
fungi
oomycetes
the 4 types of photosynthetic stramenophiles
chrysophyta, phaeophyta, chlorophyta, and rhodophyta
free living algae
chrysophyta
brown algae
phaeophyta
green algae
chlorophyta
red algae
rhodophyta
the 2 types of slime molds
cellular slime molds and plasmodial slime molds
