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Unit 1 test Flashcards

1
Q

Biosphere

A

The Earth

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2
Q

Biome

A

Large area with similar climate conditions that determine plant & animal species within

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

All living & nonliving things in an area

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4
Q

Community

A

All living organisms in an area

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5
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of same species

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6
Q

Individual

A

One organism

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7
Q

Symbiosis

A

Relationship between two living things such as mutualism, commensalism, and parasatism

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8
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

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9
Q

Commensalism

A

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

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10
Q

Parasatism

A

one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

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11
Q

Competition

A

Due to limited resources. To co-exist, both groups must partition their resources.

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12
Q

Resource partitioning

A

different species use the same resource in different ways to reduce competition

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13
Q

Temporal patitioning

A

using resources at different times. (night vs. day)

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14
Q

Spatial partitioning

A

Using different areas of a shared habitat

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15
Q

Morphological partitioning

A

using different resources based of different evolved body features

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16
Q

Interspecific competition

A

2nd individual from different species competing for same resource.

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17
Q

Gause’s principle

A

no 2 can occupy the same niche at the same time

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18
Q

Competitive exculsion

A

better adapted species will win

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19
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

2 individuals of same species competing for the same resource,

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20
Q

Nutrient availablitly

A

Plants need soil nutrients to grow, so availability determines which plants can survive in a biome

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21
Q

Latitude

A

Horizontal lines. Determine temperatures and precipitation which is why biomes exist in predictable patterns.

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22
Q

Major terrestrial biomes

A

taiga, temperate rainforests, temperate seasonal forests, tropical rainforest, shrubland, temperate grassland, savanna, desert, and tundra

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23
Q

Salinity

A

how much salt there is in a body of water. Determines which species can survive & usability for drinking water.

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24
Q

Flow

A

Determines which plants & organisms can survive. How much O2 can dissolve into water

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25
Depth
Influences how much sunlight can penetrate & reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis
26
Temperature
Warmer water holds less dissolved O2 so it can support fewer aquatic organisms.
27
Freshwater Biomes
Rivers, lakes, littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic, streams, and ponds
28
Rivers
Have high O2 levels due to flow mixing water & air. Also carry nutrient rich sediments (deltas & flood plains=fertile soil)
29
Lakes
standing bodies of water
30
Littoral
shallow water with emergent plants
31
Limnetic
Where light can reach (photosynthesis). No rooted plants, only phytoplankton
32
Profundal
too deep for sunlight (no photosynthesis
33
Benthic
Murky bottom where inverts (bugs) live. Nutrient rich sediments
34
wetlands
area with soil submerged/saturated in water for at least part of the year, but shallow enough for emergent plants. Plants living here have to be adapted to living with roots submerged in standing water (cattails, lily pads, reeds)
35
Benefits of wetlands
Stores excess water during storms, lessening floods. Recharges groundwater by absorbing rainfall into soil. Roots of wetland plants filter pollutants from water draining through. Higher plant growth due to lots of water & nutrients (dead organic matter) in sediments.
36
Saltwater biomes
Intertidal zones, coral reefs, open ocean
37
Intertidal zones
Narrow band of coastline between high and low tide. Organisms must be adapted to survive crashing waves & direct sunlight/heat during low tides. Shells & tough outer skin can prevent drying out during low tides. Different organisms are adapted to live in different zones
38
Coral Reefs
Warm shallow waters beyond the shoreline. Most diverse marine biome on earth. Mutualistic relationship between coral & algae.
39
Open Ocean
Low productivity area since only algae & phytoplankton can survive in most ocean. So large that algae & phytoplankton of ocean produce a lot of O2 & absorb a lot of CO2
40
Photic Zone
area where sunlight can reach in the ocean (photosynthesis)
41
Aphotic Zone
Area in ocean too deep for sunlight
42
Nitrogen cycle
movement of nitrogen containing molecules between sources and sinks/reservoirs
43
Sources
Release the molecules/ what molecules pass through during a cycle Ex: Consumers, industrial combustion
44
Sinks/reservoirs
Stores more of the molecules than it releases Ex: Atmosphere, ocean
45
Nitrogen critical for...
critical for plant and animal nutrient. All living things need nitrogen for DNA and amino acids to make proteins
46
Nitrogen Fixation
Process of N2 gas being converted into biologically available (useable by plants) NH3 (ammonia) or NO3 (nitrate)
47
Bacterial fixation
certain bacteria that live in the soil, or in symbiotic relationship with plant root nodules convert Nitrogen into ammonia
48
Synthetic Fixation
humans combust fossil fuels to convert nitrogen gas into nitrate
49
Assimilation
plants and animals taking nitrogen in and incorporating it into their body
50
Ammonification
soil bacteria, microbes, and decomposers converting waste and dead biomass back into ammonia and returning it to soil
51
Nitrification
conversion of ammonium into nitrite and then nitrate by soil bacteria
52
Dentrification
conversion of soil nitrate into nitrous oxide (N2O) gas which returns to the atmosphere
53
Human impact on climate
Nitrous oxide (greenhouse gas) warms the earth's climate. Produced by denitrification of nitrate in agricultural soils
54
Ammonia Volatilization
excess fertilizer use can lead to ammonia entering the atmosphere, Less nitrogen stays in soil for crops to use (lost profit)
55
Leaching & Eutrophication
Synthetic fertilizer use leads to nitrates leaching or being carried out of soil by water
56
Carbon Cycle
Movement of molecules that have Carbon between sources and sinks
56
Fix NAAD ANPAN
Fixation Nitrification Ammonification Assimilation Denitrification Ammonia/ium Nitrites/ates Protein Ammonia/ium Nitrogen gas
57
Carbon Sink
Stores more carbon than it releases. Ocean, plants, soil
58
Carbon Source
Process that adds Carbon to the atmosphere. Fossil fuel combustion, deforestation.
59
Fossil Fuels
Coal, oil, and natural gas formed from fossilized remains of organic matter
60
Carbon cycle process
Atmosphere - producers - consumers - decomposers - burial - fossil fuels - extraction - combustion - atmosphere - exchange into ocean - sedimentation - burial or ocean - photosynthesis - producers -consumers - decomposers
61
Phosphorus Cycle
Takes and long time, limiting nutrient. Phosphorus needed for DNA, ATP, bone, and tooth enamel in some animals.
62
Phosphorus Sources
Weathering of rocks. Synthetic sources: mining minerals and adding products like synthetic fertilizers and detergents. Fertilizers added to lawns and fields, runoff carries P into water
63
Assimilation and Extraction/Decomposition
Absorbed by plant roots and assimilate into tissues. Animals assimilate by eating plants/animals. Animal waste, plant matter, and other biomass broken down by decomposers. Form a mini loop in cycle
64
Sedimentation
Doesn't dissolve very well into water. much of it forms solid bits of phosphorus to fall to the bottom as sediment. Can be compressed into sed. rock over long time periods by water pressure
65
Geological Uplift
tectonic plate collision forcing up rock layers that form mountains, causing the cycle to start over
66
Eutrophication
too much nitrogen and/or phosphorus
67
Primary Productivity
rate that solar energy is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of times. Rate of photosynthesis of all producers in an area over a given period of time. PP is amount of plant growth in an area over a given period of time.
68
High Primary Productivity
High plant growth=lots of food and shelter for animals. Ecosystems with is are more biodiverse
69
Calculating PP
NPP=GPP-RL
70
Net Primary Productivity
Amount of energy left for consumers after plants have used some for respiration. (Amount paycheck keeps after taxes)
71
Respiration Loss (RL)
Plants use up some of the energy they generate via photosynthesis by doing cellular respiration. (Taxes plants need to pay)
72
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
total amount of sun energy plants capture and convert to energy through photosynthesis. (Total paycheck amount plant earns)
73
#1 Law of Thermodynamics
energy is never created or destroyed
74
#2 Law of Thermodynamics
each time energy is transferred, some is lost as heat.
75
Trophic Cascade
removal or addition of a top predator has a ripple effect down through lower trophic levels.

APES (1 decks)

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