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APES > Unit 1 test > Flashcards

Unit 1 test Flashcards

1
Q

Biosphere

A

The Earth

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2
Q

Biome

A

Large area with similar climate conditions that determine plant & animal species within

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

All living & nonliving things in an area

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4
Q

Community

A

All living organisms in an area

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5
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of same species

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6
Q

Individual

A

One organism

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7
Q

Symbiosis

A

Relationship between two living things such as mutualism, commensalism, and parasatism

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8
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

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9
Q

Commensalism

A

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

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10
Q

Parasatism

A

one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

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11
Q

Competition

A

Due to limited resources. To co-exist, both groups must partition their resources.

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12
Q

Resource partitioning

A

different species use the same resource in different ways to reduce competition

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13
Q

Temporal patitioning

A

using resources at different times. (night vs. day)

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14
Q

Spatial partitioning

A

Using different areas of a shared habitat

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15
Q

Morphological partitioning

A

using different resources based of different evolved body features

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16
Q

Interspecific competition

A

2nd individual from different species competing for same resource.

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17
Q

Gause’s principle

A

no 2 can occupy the same niche at the same time

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18
Q

Competitive exculsion

A

better adapted species will win

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19
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

2 individuals of same species competing for the same resource,

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20
Q

Nutrient availablitly

A

Plants need soil nutrients to grow, so availability determines which plants can survive in a biome

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21
Q

Latitude

A

Horizontal lines. Determine temperatures and precipitation which is why biomes exist in predictable patterns.

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22
Q

Major terrestrial biomes

A

taiga, temperate rainforests, temperate seasonal forests, tropical rainforest, shrubland, temperate grassland, savanna, desert, and tundra

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23
Q

Salinity

A

how much salt there is in a body of water. Determines which species can survive & usability for drinking water.

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24
Q

Flow

A

Determines which plants & organisms can survive. How much O2 can dissolve into water

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25
Q

Depth

A

Influences how much sunlight can penetrate & reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis

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26
Q

Temperature

A

Warmer water holds less dissolved O2 so it can support fewer aquatic organisms.

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27
Q

Freshwater Biomes

A

Rivers, lakes, littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic, streams, and ponds

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28
Q

Rivers

A

Have high O2 levels due to flow mixing water & air. Also carry nutrient rich sediments (deltas & flood plains=fertile soil)

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29
Q

Lakes

A

standing bodies of water

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30
Q

Littoral

A

shallow water with emergent plants

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31
Q

Limnetic

A

Where light can reach (photosynthesis). No rooted plants, only phytoplankton

32
Q

Profundal

A

too deep for sunlight (no photosynthesis

33
Q

Benthic

A

Murky bottom where inverts (bugs) live. Nutrient rich sediments

34
Q

wetlands

A

area with soil submerged/saturated in water for at least part of the year, but shallow enough for emergent plants. Plants living here have to be adapted to living with roots submerged in standing water (cattails, lily pads, reeds)

35
Q

Benefits of wetlands

A

Stores excess water during storms, lessening floods. Recharges groundwater by absorbing rainfall into soil. Roots of wetland plants filter pollutants from water draining through. Higher plant growth due to lots of water & nutrients (dead organic matter) in sediments.

36
Q

Saltwater biomes

A

Intertidal zones, coral reefs, open ocean

37
Q

Intertidal zones

A

Narrow band of coastline between high and low tide. Organisms must be adapted to survive crashing waves & direct sunlight/heat during low tides. Shells & tough outer skin can prevent drying out during low tides. Different organisms are adapted to live in different zones

38
Q

Coral Reefs

A

Warm shallow waters beyond the shoreline. Most diverse marine biome on earth. Mutualistic relationship between coral & algae.

39
Q

Open Ocean

A

Low productivity area since only algae & phytoplankton can survive in most ocean. So large that algae & phytoplankton of ocean produce a lot of O2 & absorb a lot of CO2

40
Q

Photic Zone

A

area where sunlight can reach in the ocean (photosynthesis)

41
Q

Aphotic Zone

A

Area in ocean too deep for sunlight

42
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

movement of nitrogen containing molecules between sources and sinks/reservoirs

43
Q

Sources

A

Release the molecules/ what molecules pass through during a cycle Ex: Consumers, industrial combustion

44
Q

Sinks/reservoirs

A

Stores more of the molecules than it releases Ex: Atmosphere, ocean

45
Q

Nitrogen critical for…

A

critical for plant and animal nutrient. All living things need nitrogen for DNA and amino acids to make proteins

46
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Process of N2 gas being converted into biologically available (useable by plants) NH3 (ammonia) or NO3 (nitrate)

47
Q

Bacterial fixation

A

certain bacteria that live in the soil, or in symbiotic relationship with plant root nodules convert Nitrogen into ammonia

48
Q

Synthetic Fixation

A

humans combust fossil fuels to convert nitrogen gas into nitrate

49
Q

Assimilation

A

plants and animals taking nitrogen in and incorporating it into their body

50
Q

Ammonification

A

soil bacteria, microbes, and decomposers converting waste and dead biomass back into ammonia and returning it to soil

51
Q

Nitrification

A

conversion of ammonium into nitrite and then nitrate by soil bacteria

52
Q

Dentrification

A

conversion of soil nitrate into nitrous oxide (N2O) gas which returns to the atmosphere

53
Q

Human impact on climate

A

Nitrous oxide (greenhouse gas) warms the earth’s climate. Produced by denitrification of nitrate in agricultural soils

54
Q

Ammonia Volatilization

A

excess fertilizer use can lead to ammonia entering the atmosphere, Less nitrogen stays in soil for crops to use (lost profit)

55
Q

Leaching & Eutrophication

A

Synthetic fertilizer use leads to nitrates leaching or being carried out of soil by water

56
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Movement of molecules that have Carbon between sources and sinks

56
Q

Fix NAAD ANPAN

A

Fixation
Nitrification
Ammonification
Assimilation
Denitrification

Ammonia/ium
Nitrites/ates
Protein
Ammonia/ium
Nitrogen gas

57
Q

Carbon Sink

A

Stores more carbon than it releases. Ocean, plants, soil

58
Q

Carbon Source

A

Process that adds Carbon to the atmosphere. Fossil fuel combustion, deforestation.

59
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

Coal, oil, and natural gas formed from fossilized remains of organic matter

60
Q

Carbon cycle process

A

Atmosphere - producers - consumers - decomposers - burial - fossil fuels - extraction - combustion - atmosphere - exchange into ocean - sedimentation - burial or ocean - photosynthesis - producers -consumers - decomposers

61
Q

Phosphorus Cycle

A

Takes and long time, limiting nutrient. Phosphorus needed for DNA, ATP, bone, and tooth enamel in some animals.

62
Q

Phosphorus Sources

A

Weathering of rocks. Synthetic sources: mining minerals and adding products like synthetic fertilizers and detergents. Fertilizers added to lawns and fields, runoff carries P into water

63
Q

Assimilation and Extraction/Decomposition

A

Absorbed by plant roots and assimilate into tissues. Animals assimilate by eating plants/animals. Animal waste, plant matter, and other biomass broken down by decomposers. Form a mini loop in cycle

64
Q

Sedimentation

A

Doesn’t dissolve very well into water. much of it forms solid bits of phosphorus to fall to the bottom as sediment. Can be compressed into sed. rock over long time periods by water pressure

65
Q

Geological Uplift

A

tectonic plate collision forcing up rock layers that form mountains, causing the cycle to start over

66
Q

Eutrophication

A

too much nitrogen and/or phosphorus

67
Q

Primary Productivity

A

rate that solar energy is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of times. Rate of photosynthesis of all producers in an area over a given period of time. PP is amount of plant growth in an area over a given period of time.

68
Q

High Primary Productivity

A

High plant growth=lots of food and shelter for animals. Ecosystems with is are more biodiverse

69
Q

Calculating PP

A

NPP=GPP-RL

70
Q

Net Primary Productivity

A

Amount of energy left for consumers after plants have used some for respiration. (Amount paycheck keeps after taxes)

71
Q

Respiration Loss (RL)

A

Plants use up some of the energy they generate via photosynthesis by doing cellular respiration. (Taxes plants need to pay)

72
Q

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

A

total amount of sun energy plants capture and convert to energy through photosynthesis. (Total paycheck amount plant earns)

73
Q

1 Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy is never created or destroyed

74
Q

2 Law of Thermodynamics

A

each time energy is transferred, some is lost as heat.

75
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

removal or addition of a top predator has a ripple effect down through lower trophic levels.

APES (1 decks)

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