unit 1 test

Question 1

A pure substance that can’t be broken down into simpler substances is called

Answer 1

an element

Question 2

The location of a ** is in the orbital of an atom

Answer 2

electron

Question 3

A form of an element that differs in the number of neutrons is called a(n)

Answer 3

isotope

Question 4

The radioscope of an atom is ***

Answer 4

the number of neutrons an atom has when its unstable

Question 5

electrons found on the outer shell of an atom is are called

Answer 5

valence electrons

Question 6

an ion with a positive charge is called

Answer 6

cation

Question 7

a shared pair of electrons is a result of what bond

Answer 7

covalent bond

Question 8

a measure of electron affinity of an atom is called

Answer 8

energy level

Question 9

The force of attraction between two molecules is called an

Answer 9

intermolecular force

Question 10

results to H-bonds between water and other polar molecules

Answer 10

adhesion

Question 11

The tails of a phospholipid are considered *** which gives rise to the structure of the lipid bilayer

Answer 11

hydrophobic

Question 12

The pH of blood must be a range of what

Answer 12

7.35-7.45

Question 13

The products of neutralization are what

Answer 13

water and salt

Question 14

Location of an element circling on an atom

Answer 14

orbitals

Question 15

orbitals hold a maximun of

Answer 15

2

Question 16

neutron =

Answer 16

atomic mass-atomic #

Question 17

atom that has gained

Answer 17

anion

Question 18

electronegativity

Answer 18

ability to attract electrons

Question 19

polar covalent

Answer 19

unequal sharing

Question 20

non polar covalent

Answer 20

equal sharing

Question 21

• Smaller subunits are joined to form a larger
  molecule by the removal of water

Answer 21

Dehydration reactions (condensation)

Question 22

Hydrolysis Reactions

Answer 22

• Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller
  subunits (reverse of dehydration)

Question 23

Neutralization Reaction

Answer 23

• An acid and a base react to form water and a salt

Question 24

Redox Reactions

Answer 24

Redox Reactions
* A reaction where electrons are transferred
from where they are weakly held to where
they are more strongly held

Question 25

Oxidation

Answer 25

Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons

Question 26

refers to the gain of electrons

Answer 26

Reduction

Question 27

* random useless fact

Answer 27

* Electrons are attracted to the oxidizing agent

Question 28

Water molecules stay close together and cling to each other causing a high surface tension what is this called

Answer 28

(cohesion)

Question 29

Water molecules can form H bonds with other molecules what is this called

Answer 29

(adhesion)

Question 30

are non polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic and are polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Answer 30

polar - hydrophilic non polar -hydrophobic

Question 31

As water molecules in a sample collide, a very small fraction of them will become *****, resulting in an additional hydrogen ion (H+) being added to one molecule (H3O+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-)

Answer 31

ionized

Question 32

The autoionziation of water leads to

Answer 32

3 types of particles present in a sample of water: H2O, OH- and H3O+

Question 33

more Hydrogens =

Answer 33

more acidic

Question 34

buffer

Answer 34

A buffer is a chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H+ ions Ex. The blood buffer * Helps maintain a blood pH range of 7.35-7.45

Question 35

equilibrium

Answer 35

the state of balance

Question 36

if (H+) in blood falls

Answer 36

pH rises (more basic)

Question 37

if [H+] in blood rises

Answer 37

pH falls (more acidic)

Question 38

* Forms the backbone of many large biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA

Answer 38

carbon

Question 39

Molecules that only contain carbon and hydrogen are known as

Answer 39

hydrocarbons

Question 40

hydrocarbons are considered non-polar and

Answer 40

hydrophobic

Question 41

Other elements such as O, N and S may attach to the carbon backbone to form reactive “clusters of atoms” called

Answer 41

functional groups

Question 42

Functional groups are much more reactive than hydrocarbon chains True or False

Answer 42

True

Question 43

functional groups define what

Answer 43

define the chemical properties of the molecules to which they belong

Question 44

A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction, but is not used up in the reaction is called a

Answer 44

catalyst

Question 45

Enzymes are an example of a

Answer 45

catalyst

Question 46

If one enzyme is depleted or missing, it can cause minor or serious health problems True or False

Answer 46

True Ex. Lactose Intolerance caused by missing the enzyme lactase (which breaks down lactose)

Question 47

Enzymes lower the ***** needed for a specific reaction to start, by binding to the reactant molecule(s) (substrate) involved in the reaction

Answer 47

energy or activation energy

Question 48

a pocket or groove on the enzyme where a specific substrate binds in an enzyme is called the

Answer 48

active site

Question 49

what does an enzyme do what the reaction has occurred

Answer 49

releases the product

Question 50

what is an enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 50

Prior to binding, functional groups on the substrate come close to the functional groups on the enzyme, changing the enzyme’s shape to have a more precise fit *

Question 51

coenzyme is a

Answer 51

substance (molecule) that works with an enzyme to initiate or aid the function of the enzyme.

Question 52

a cofactor is

Answer 52

a non-protein chemical that assists with a biological chemical reaction. Co-factors may be metal ions, (on the periodic table

Question 53

Enzyme Inhibitors

Answer 53

* Lower the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction

Question 54

Noncompetitive Inhibition:

Answer 54

an inhibitor molecule binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site, changing the shape of the enzyme and its active site

Question 55

Metabolism

Answer 55

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism Ex. DNA formation from nucleotides * Ex. Starches being broken down into glucose

Question 56

Catabolic pathways

Answer 56

* Break down complex molecules into simpler ones (degradation) * Free energy is released (ex. Cellular respiration)

Question 57

Catabolic pathways

Answer 57

Break down complex molecules into simpler ones (degradation) * Free energy is released (ex. Cellular respiration)

Question 58

energy

Answer 58

the capacity to do work

Question 59

autotrophs

Answer 59

obtain energy directly from the sun

Question 60

* heterotrophs

Answer 60

obtain energy by consuming items from a food chain that begins with plant

Question 61

Kinetic Energy (Ek)

Answer 61

* The energy of motion * This energy can perform work by making another object move * Ex. heart muscles contracting to pump blood

Question 62

Potential Energy (Ep)

Answer 62

* the stored energy within an object due to the object’s location or chemical structure * stored in protons and electrons that make up atoms and molecules * potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy (i.e. diver