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Grade 12 Biology > unit 1 test > Flashcards

unit 1 test Flashcards

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1
Q

A pure substance that can’t be broken down into simpler substances is called

A

an element

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2
Q

The location of a ** is in the orbital of an atom

A

electron

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3
Q

A form of an element that differs in the number of neutrons is called a(n)

A

isotope

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4
Q

The radioscope of an atom is ***

A

the number of neutrons an atom has when its unstable

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5
Q

electrons found on the outer shell of an atom is are called

A

valence electrons

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6
Q

an ion with a positive charge is called

A

cation

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7
Q

a shared pair of electrons is a result of what bond

A

covalent bond

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8
Q

a measure of electron affinity of an atom is called

A

energy level

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9
Q

The force of attraction between two molecules is called an

A

intermolecular force

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10
Q

results to H-bonds between water and other polar molecules

A

adhesion

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11
Q

The tails of a phospholipid are considered *** which gives rise to the structure of the lipid bilayer

A

hydrophobic

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12
Q

The pH of blood must be a range of what

A

7.35-7.45

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13
Q

The products of neutralization are what

A

water and salt

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14
Q

Location of an element circling on an atom

A

orbitals

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15
Q

orbitals hold a maximun of

A

2

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16
Q

neutron =

A

atomic mass-atomic #

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17
Q

atom that has gained

A

anion

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18
Q

electronegativity

A

ability to attract electrons

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19
Q

polar covalent

A

unequal sharing

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20
Q

non polar covalent

A

equal sharing

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21
Q
  • Smaller subunits are joined to form a larger
    molecule by the removal of water
A

Dehydration reactions (condensation)

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22
Q

Hydrolysis Reactions

A
  • Water is used to split a larger molecule into smaller
    subunits (reverse of dehydration)
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23
Q

Neutralization Reaction

A
  • An acid and a base react to form water and a salt
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24
Q

Redox Reactions

A

Redox Reactions
* A reaction where electrons are transferred
from where they are weakly held to where
they are more strongly held

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25
Q

Oxidation

A

Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons

26
Q

refers to the gain of electrons

A

Reduction

27
Q
  • random useless fact
A
  • Electrons are attracted to the oxidizing agent
28
Q

Water molecules stay close together and cling to each other
causing a high surface tension

what is this called

A

(cohesion)

29
Q

Water molecules can form H bonds with other molecules
what is this called

A

(adhesion)

30
Q

are non polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic

and are polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

polar - hydrophilic

non polar -hydrophobic

31
Q

As water molecules in a sample collide, a very small
fraction of them will become *****,

resulting in an
additional hydrogen ion (H+) being added to one
molecule (H3O+)
and a hydroxide ion (OH-)

A

ionized

32
Q

The autoionziation of water leads to

A

3 types of
particles present in a sample of water: H2O, OH-
and
H3O+

33
Q

more Hydrogens =

A

more acidic

34
Q

buffer

A

A buffer is a chemical that compensates for pH changes in a
solution by accepting or donating H+
ions
Ex. The blood buffer
* Helps maintain a blood pH range of 7.35-7.45

35
Q

equilibrium

A

the state of balance

36
Q

if (H+) in blood falls

A

pH rises (more basic)

37
Q

if [H+]
in blood rises

A

pH falls (more acidic)

38
Q
  • Forms the backbone of many large biological molecules, such as
    carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA
A

carbon

39
Q

Molecules that only contain carbon and
hydrogen are known as

A

hydrocarbons

40
Q

hydrocarbons
are considered non-polar and

A

hydrophobic

41
Q

Other elements such as O, N and S may attach
to the carbon backbone to form reactive
“clusters of atoms” called

A

functional groups

42
Q

Functional groups are much more reactive than
hydrocarbon chains

True or False

A

True

43
Q

functional groups define what

A

define the chemical properties of the
molecules to which they belong

44
Q

A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction, but is not
used up in the reaction is called a

A

catalyst

45
Q

Enzymes are an example of a

A

catalyst

46
Q

If one enzyme is depleted or missing, it can cause minor or
serious health problems
True or False

A

True

Ex. Lactose Intolerance caused by missing the enzyme lactase
(which breaks down lactose)

47
Q

Enzymes lower the
*****
needed for a specific
reaction to start, by binding to the reactant molecule(s)
(substrate) involved in the reaction

A

energy or
activation energy

48
Q

a pocket or groove on the enzyme where a
specific substrate binds
in an enzyme is called the

A

active site

49
Q

what does an enzyme do what the reaction has occurred

A

releases the product

50
Q

what is an enzyme-substrate complex

A

Prior to binding, functional groups on the substrate come
close to the functional groups on the enzyme, changing the
enzyme’s shape to have a more precise fit
*

51
Q

coenzyme is a

A

substance (molecule) that works with an enzyme to initiate or aid the function of the enzyme.

52
Q

a cofactor is

A

a non-protein chemical that assists with a biological chemical reaction.
Co-factors may be metal ions, (on the periodic table

53
Q

Enzyme Inhibitors

A
  • Lower the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction
54
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition:

A

an inhibitor molecule binds to an enzyme
at a location other than the active site, changing the shape of the
enzyme and its active site

55
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical
reactions in a cell or organism

Ex. DNA formation from nucleotides
* Ex. Starches being broken down into
glucose

56
Q

Catabolic pathways

A
  • Break down complex molecules into simpler ones (degradation)
  • Free energy is released (ex. Cellular respiration)
57
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Break down complex molecules into simpler ones (degradation)
* Free energy is released (ex. Cellular respiration)

58
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

59
Q

autotrophs

A

obtain energy directly from
the sun

60
Q
  • heterotrophs
A

obtain energy by
consuming items from a food chain that
begins with plant

61
Q

Kinetic Energy (Ek)

A
  • The energy of motion
  • This energy can perform work by making another object move
  • Ex. heart muscles contracting to pump blood
62
Q

Potential Energy (Ep)

A
  • the stored energy within an object due to the object’s location or
    chemical structure
  • stored in protons and electrons that make up atoms and molecules
  • potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy (i.e. diver

Grade 12 Biology (2 decks)

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