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bio tri 3 > unit 1 test > Flashcards

unit 1 test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does archaebacteria live

A

in extreme environments, that lack 
oxygen

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2
Q

how many types of archae
bacteria are there?

A

Three

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3
Q

what are the three types of archaebacteria?

A

Thermacidophiles, halophiles, and methanogens

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4
Q

where do thermacidophiles live

A

Hot and acidic places like volcanic vent and hot Sulphur Springs

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5
Q

where does halophiles live

A

And places with high salt concentration, like the great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea

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6
Q

where do methanogens live?

A

And places with high oxygen, such as manure 

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7
Q

What are the four things eubacteria needs to survive

A

A food source, moisture, warm, temperature, and a dark environment

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8
Q

what type of infections do antibiotics treat?

A

Bacterial infections

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9
Q

What type of cell wall does a bacterial infection have

A

A carbohydrate based cell wall

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10
Q

what happens when the antibiotics poke holes in the cell wall?

A

The bacteria infection cannot maintain homeostasis

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11
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses

A

Because of virus has a caps it as the outer layer that has made out of protein

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12
Q

do antibiotics lose effectiveness overtime

A

Yes

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13
Q

how many types of arrangements are in bacteria?

A

Four

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14
Q

What are the four arrangements?

A

singular, Diplo, Strepto, and staphylo

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15
Q

How many different shapes are there?

A

Three

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16
Q

what are the three shapes

A

coccus, bacillus, Spirillum

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17
Q

what are two reasons why bacteria are so successful?

A

Reproductive rate and endospore

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18
Q

why does bacteria have such a high reproductive rate?

A

Because they are few organelles and small amount of DNA

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19
Q

what are the two ways that bacteria can reproduce?

A

Binary fission and conjunction

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20
Q

what is binary fission?

A

asexual reproduction that creates two identical cells

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21
Q

What is conjunction?

A

Sexual reproduction that creates genetically diverse cells

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22
Q

What is an endospore?

A

A bacterial survival technique that allows them to survive an extreme conditions for 100+ years

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23
Q

what are three ways to kill bacteria?

A

Pasteurization, canning, dehydration

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24
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

Uses heat to kill bacteria

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25
Q

what is canning?

A

Uses heat, a seal, and lack of oxygen to kill bacteria

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26
Q

what is dehydration?

A

Removes moisture to kill bacteria

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27
Q

what is in common with antiseptics and disinfectants

A

They both kill bacteria

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28
Q

what services are anti-septic’s used on?

A

Biotic surfaces

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29
Q

what services are disinfectants used on?

A

Abiotic surfaces

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30
Q

Are antiseptics or disinfectants more effective

A

Disinfectants

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31
Q

what does it mean if the stain is purple?

A

It is gram-positive

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32
Q

what does it mean if the stain is pink or red?

A

It is Gram negative

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33
Q

what is in common with gram-positive and gram-negative

A

They both have a cell wall

34
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

A sickness or disease causing agent

35
Q

what three different things kind of pathogen be in

A

Bacteria, viruses, and fungus

36
Q

What is a virus?

A

A nonliving, infectious particles of protein.

37
Q

Do viruses represent the eight characteristics of life

A

Only when they are in a host cell

38
Q

what type of virus attacks bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

39
Q

what type of cells do viruses attack?

A

Eukaryotic cells

40
Q

what three things are in a virus structure

A

Genetic material, capsid, and a receptor

41
Q

what does the genetic material doing a virus?

A

It is the DNA or RNA

42
Q

what does the capsid do in a virus?

A

It is made of proteins, and it protects the genetic material

43
Q

what does the receptor do in a virus?

A

It attaches to a host cell and injects genetic material into the cell

44
Q

What is the first step of virus does

A

Enters the body and find a host cell

45
Q

What is the second step of virus does

A

Injects genetic material into the host cell

46
Q

what is the third step of virus does

A

The new genetic material takes control of the cell

47
Q

What is the fourth step a virus does

A

It uses the host cell to make many copies of itself

48
Q

what is the fifth step a virus does

A

Lysis, which is the virus breaking out of the cell, and it destroys the south

49
Q

what cycle is short term?

A

The lytic cycle

50
Q

What cycle is long-term?

A

The lysogenic cycle

51
Q

what cycle do symptoms appear?

A

The lytic cycle

52
Q

what cycle do viral genetic material become part of the host cells DNA sequence when injected

A

The lysogenic cycle

53
Q

and what cycle does the number of viruses increase?

A

The lytic cycle

54
Q

what cycle does the virus only reproduce when the cell does

A

The lysogenic cycle

55
Q

what cycle does once the virus is cleared from the body the virus is gone

A

The lytic cycle

56
Q

What cycle if you get infected you are infected for life

A

The lysogenic cycle

57
Q

what cycle is the hiding stage or no symptoms?

A

The lysogenic cycle 

58
Q

what cycle is a cold flu or Ebola?

A

The lytic cycle

59
Q

what cycle is HIV?

A

The lysogenic cycle

60
Q

What cycle is chickenpox and shingles?

A

Both cycles

61
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Fights off pathogens

62
Q

what is the first line of defense for nonspecific?

A

Skin, which is a protective barrier

63
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

The mucous membrane

64
Q

why is there more sickness in winter than the summer?

A

Because there is less moisture, and it dries your mucous membrane out

65
Q

where are white blood cells created?

A

Bone marrow

66
Q

what does the spleen do?

A

It filters, blood and macrophages are made, and it removes pathogens

67
Q

what is the part of the brain that is responsible for your body temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

68
Q

What educates white blood cells what pathogen to look for?

A

Thymus

69
Q

What is the lymphatic system and lymph nodes?

A

They are full of white blood cells with vessels connecting them. Pathogens and macrophages are here.

70
Q

what is an antigen?

A

It is a protein sequence that is unique to each pathogen

71
Q

how many types of white blood cells are there? 

A

four

72
Q

what are the four types of white blood cells?

A

Macrophage, T-helper cells, cytotoxic, T cell, memory, B cell

73
Q

what is the largest white blood cell?

A

Macrophage

74
Q

What is the first responder white blood cell?

A

Macrophage

75
Q

What does the macrophage do?

A

Engulfs the pathogen, destroys the pathogen, identifies the antigen

76
Q

What does the T-helper cells do?

A

Takes identified antigens and antibodies that match antigen

77
Q

What white blood cell signal production of more white blood cells

A

The tea, helper cell

78
Q

What does the cytotoxic T cell do?

A

attacks specific pathogen inside the cell

79
Q

what white blood cell dies after infection

A

Cytotoxic T cell

80
Q

What does the memory B cells do?

A

Attack specific pathogen’s in our bloodstream

81
Q

What white blood cell is continuingly produced

A

The memory B cell

82
Q

What white blood cell gives immunity and is the reason for vaccines?

A

Memory B cells

bio tri 3 (2 decks)

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