unit 1 test Flashcards
Where does archaebacteria live
in extreme environments, that lack 
oxygen
how many types of archae
bacteria are there?
Three
what are the three types of archaebacteria?
Thermacidophiles, halophiles, and methanogens
where do thermacidophiles live
Hot and acidic places like volcanic vent and hot Sulphur Springs
where does halophiles live
And places with high salt concentration, like the great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea
where do methanogens live?
And places with high oxygen, such as manure 
What are the four things eubacteria needs to survive
A food source, moisture, warm, temperature, and a dark environment
what type of infections do antibiotics treat?
Bacterial infections
What type of cell wall does a bacterial infection have
A carbohydrate based cell wall
what happens when the antibiotics poke holes in the cell wall?
The bacteria infection cannot maintain homeostasis
Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses
Because of virus has a caps it as the outer layer that has made out of protein
do antibiotics lose effectiveness overtime
Yes
how many types of arrangements are in bacteria?
Four
What are the four arrangements?
singular, Diplo, Strepto, and staphylo
How many different shapes are there?
Three
what are the three shapes
coccus, bacillus, Spirillum
what are two reasons why bacteria are so successful?
Reproductive rate and endospore
why does bacteria have such a high reproductive rate?
Because they are few organelles and small amount of DNA
what are the two ways that bacteria can reproduce?
Binary fission and conjunction
what is binary fission?
asexual reproduction that creates two identical cells
What is conjunction?
Sexual reproduction that creates genetically diverse cells
What is an endospore?
A bacterial survival technique that allows them to survive an extreme conditions for 100+ years
what are three ways to kill bacteria?
Pasteurization, canning, dehydration
What is pasteurization?
Uses heat to kill bacteria
what is canning?
Uses heat, a seal, and lack of oxygen to kill bacteria
what is dehydration?
Removes moisture to kill bacteria
what is in common with antiseptics and disinfectants
They both kill bacteria
what services are anti-septic’s used on?
Biotic surfaces
what services are disinfectants used on?
Abiotic surfaces
Are antiseptics or disinfectants more effective
Disinfectants
what does it mean if the stain is purple?
It is gram-positive
what does it mean if the stain is pink or red?
It is Gram negative
what is in common with gram-positive and gram-negative
They both have a cell wall
what is a pathogen?
A sickness or disease causing agent
what three different things kind of pathogen be in
Bacteria, viruses, and fungus
What is a virus?
A nonliving, infectious particles of protein.
Do viruses represent the eight characteristics of life
Only when they are in a host cell
what type of virus attacks bacteria
Bacteriophages
what type of cells do viruses attack?
Eukaryotic cells
what three things are in a virus structure
Genetic material, capsid, and a receptor
what does the genetic material doing a virus?
It is the DNA or RNA
what does the capsid do in a virus?
It is made of proteins, and it protects the genetic material
what does the receptor do in a virus?
It attaches to a host cell and injects genetic material into the cell
What is the first step of virus does
Enters the body and find a host cell
What is the second step of virus does
Injects genetic material into the host cell
what is the third step of virus does
The new genetic material takes control of the cell
What is the fourth step a virus does
It uses the host cell to make many copies of itself
what is the fifth step a virus does
Lysis, which is the virus breaking out of the cell, and it destroys the south
what cycle is short term?
The lytic cycle
What cycle is long-term?
The lysogenic cycle
what cycle do symptoms appear?
The lytic cycle
what cycle do viral genetic material become part of the host cells DNA sequence when injected
The lysogenic cycle
and what cycle does the number of viruses increase?
The lytic cycle
what cycle does the virus only reproduce when the cell does
The lysogenic cycle
what cycle does once the virus is cleared from the body the virus is gone
The lytic cycle
What cycle if you get infected you are infected for life
The lysogenic cycle
what cycle is the hiding stage or no symptoms?
The lysogenic cycle 
what cycle is a cold flu or Ebola?
The lytic cycle
what cycle is HIV?
The lysogenic cycle
What cycle is chickenpox and shingles?
Both cycles
What is the immune system?
Fights off pathogens
what is the first line of defense for nonspecific?
Skin, which is a protective barrier
What is the second line of defense?
The mucous membrane
why is there more sickness in winter than the summer?
Because there is less moisture, and it dries your mucous membrane out
where are white blood cells created?
Bone marrow
what does the spleen do?
It filters, blood and macrophages are made, and it removes pathogens
what is the part of the brain that is responsible for your body temperature?
Hypothalamus
What educates white blood cells what pathogen to look for?
Thymus
What is the lymphatic system and lymph nodes?
They are full of white blood cells with vessels connecting them. Pathogens and macrophages are here.
what is an antigen?
It is a protein sequence that is unique to each pathogen
how many types of white blood cells are there? 
four
what are the four types of white blood cells?
Macrophage, T-helper cells, cytotoxic, T cell, memory, B cell
what is the largest white blood cell?
Macrophage
What is the first responder white blood cell?
Macrophage
What does the macrophage do?
Engulfs the pathogen, destroys the pathogen, identifies the antigen
What does the T-helper cells do?
Takes identified antigens and antibodies that match antigen
What white blood cell signal production of more white blood cells
The tea, helper cell
What does the cytotoxic T cell do?
attacks specific pathogen inside the cell
what white blood cell dies after infection
Cytotoxic T cell
What does the memory B cells do?
Attack specific pathogen’s in our bloodstream
What white blood cell is continuingly produced
The memory B cell
What white blood cell gives immunity and is the reason for vaccines?
Memory B cells
