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Chemistry IGCSE > Unit 1 - States of matter > Flashcards

Unit 1 - States of matter Flashcards

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1
Q

Three states of matter

A

Solid, liquid, gas

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2
Q

Properties of solids

A
  • Fixed shape and volume
  • Can’t be compressed
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3
Q

Properties of liquids

A
  • No fixed shape - can take the shape of their container
  • Fixed volume
  • Can flow
  • Can’t be compressed
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4
Q

Properties of gases

A
  • No fixed shape - can take the shape of their container
  • Do not have fixed volume - take up volume of their container
  • Can flow
  • Can be compressed
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5
Q

Particle model of solids

A
  • Have a regular arrangement
  • Are tightly packed - particles touch each other
  • Particles oscillate in fixed positions
  • Strong forces of attraction holding particles in place
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6
Q

Particle model of liquids

A
  • Irregular arrangement
  • Tightly packed particles touching each other
  • Move randomly at different speeds
  • Do not move far as they frequently collide with other particles
  • Weaker forces of attraction than solids
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7
Q

Particle model of gases

A
  • Irregular arrangement
  • Move randomly at different speed - Faster than liquids
  • Very weak forces of attraction compared to solids and liquids
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8
Q

Melting point

A

The temperature at which a solids changes state to a liquid

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9
Q

Boiling point

A

The temperature at which a liquid changes state to a gas

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10
Q

Evaporation

A
  • Particles on the surface with the most kinetic energy escape
  • Occurs at any temperature
  • Rate increases as temperature rises
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11
Q

Solid –> Liquid

A

Melting

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12
Q

Solid –> Gas

A

Sublimation

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13
Q

Liquid –> Solid

A

Freezing

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14
Q

Liquid –> Gas

A

Evaporation/Boiling

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15
Q

Gas –> Solid

A

Deposition

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16
Q

Gas –> Liquid

A

Condensation

17
Q

Relationship with kinetic energy and temperature

A
  • When temperature increases, kinetic energy does and vice versa
18
Q

Behavior of particles in melting

A
  • Vibration of particles in fixed points increases
  • When enough energy is inputted, particles overcome forces of attraction and move pas each other
19
Q

Behavior of particles in boiling

A
  • Particles gain energy and move faster
  • Particles with enough energy overcome forces of attraction and break free from the liquid
20
Q

Behavior of particles in condensation

A
  • Gas cools and energy is removed
  • Particles slow down
  • Particles eventually no longer have enough energy to overcome forces of attraction
21
Q

Behavior of particles in freezing

A
  • Liquid cools, energy removed - particles slow down
  • Forces of attraction pull particles into a regular arrangement
22
Q

Pressure

A

The amount of force applied to the surface of an object over a particular unit area

23
Q

Relationship with pressure and volume

A
  • At fixed temp.
  • When pressure is increased volume decreases (vice versa)
  • When pressure is decreased volume increases (vice versa)
24
Q

Relationship with temperature and volume

A
  • Temperature decreases and volume decreases
  • Temperature increases and volume increases
  • At fixed pressure
25
Q

Proportionality between pressure and volume

A
  • Inverse proportion
  • P = 1/V
  • P1VI = P2V2
26
Q

Unit for pressure

A

Pascals (Pa)

27
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - down a concentration gradient

28
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The difference of concentration between two connected areas

29
Q

Factors that affect rate of diffusion

A
  • Higher temp = increased rate
  • Steeper concentration gradient = increased rate
  • Decreased distance = increased rate
  • Decreased mass of particles = increased rate
30
Q

Reason for mass of particles affecting diffusion

A
  • Large molecules carry more mass and need more kinetic energy than smaller molecules to move the same distance

Chemistry IGCSE (12 decks)

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