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Neurophysiology 2 > Unit 1 Somatic Senses > Flashcards

Unit 1 Somatic Senses Flashcards

0
Q

All sensory systems mediate what 4 attributes of a stimulus no matter what type of sensation?

A
  • Modality
  • Location
  • Intensity
  • Timing
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1
Q

Describe transduction

A

When a stimulus is changed into an electrical signal.

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2
Q

What are the two systems of classifying nerve fibers?

A

Erlanger’s and Lloyds

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3
Q

How does myelination effect conduction velocity?

A

Myelination increases conduction velocity by 6 fold

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4
Q

An unmyelinated fiber 5 microns in diameter conducts a signal how fast?

A

5m/second

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5
Q

How fast does a myelinated fiber 5 microns in diameter conduct a signal?

A

30m/second

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6
Q

Using Erlanger’s system, what is the diameter of a type A alpha fiber?

A

8 to 20 microns

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7
Q

Using Erlanger’s system, what is the diameter of type A beta fibers?

A

5 to 12 microns

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8
Q

Using Erlanger’s system, what is the diameter of a type A gamma fiber?

A

2 to 8 microns

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9
Q

Using Erlanger’s system, what is the diameter of a type A delta fiber?

A

1 to 5 microns

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10
Q

Using Erlanger’s system, what is the diameter of a type B fiber?

A

1 to 3 microns

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11
Q

Using Erlanger’s system, what is the diameter of type C fibers?

A

<1 microns

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12
Q

Using Lloyd’s system, what is the diameter of type I fibers?

A

12 to 20 microns

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13
Q

Using Lloyd’s system, what is the diameter of type II fibers?

A

4 to 12 microns

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14
Q

Using Lloyd’s system, what is the diameter of type III fibers?

A

1 to 4 microns

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15
Q

Using Lloyd’s system, what is the diameter of type IV fibers?

A

<1 micron

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16
Q

Describe the labeled line principle.

A

The specificity of nerve fibers transmitting only one modality of sensation.

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17
Q

Describe adaptation

A

When a neuron experiences a sustained stimulus it will show a decreased firing rate over time. This is known as adaptation.

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18
Q

Describe slow adapting receptors

A

Continuous information relatively non adapting in response to a sustained stimulus

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19
Q

Describe what fast adapting receptors do.

A

Fast adapting receptors react strongly when a change is taking place.

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20
Q

Name two slow adapting receptors.

A
  • Merkel’s discs

- Ruffini corpuscles

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21
Q

Name two fast adapting receptors.

A
  • Pacinian corpuscles

- Meissner’s corpuscles

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22
Q

Describe the receptive field of Merkel’s Discs.

A

Merkel’s Discs have a punctate receptive field. Meaning its studded or marked with tiny dots or holes.

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23
Q

How are Ruffini corpuscles activated?

A

Ruffini corpuscles are activated by stretching the skin.

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24
Q

What type of receptors are in the outer layer of the joint capsule?

A

Type I mechanoreceptors

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25
Q

Describe type I mechanoreceptors.

A

Type I mechanoreceptors are slow and low.

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26
Q

Describe type III mechanoreceptors.

A

Type III mechanoreceptors are slow and high.

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27
Q

Describe type II mechanoreceptors.

A

Type II mechanoreceptors are rapid and low

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28
Q

Describe type IV mechanoreceptors.

A

Type IV mechanoreceptors are nociceptors with a high threshold

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29
Q

What is an example of a type III mechanoreceptor?

A

Joint version of a golgi tendon organ.

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30
Q

This type of receptor fires dynamically with movement.

A

Type I mechanoreceptors

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31
Q

This type of receptor is completely immobile in inactive joints.

A

Type II mechanoreceptors

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32
Q

This type of receptor functions in joint movement monitoring

A

Type II mechanoreceptors

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33
Q

This type of receptor has a phasic effect on lower motor neuron pools.

A

type II mechanoreceptors

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34
Q

This type of receptor has a tonic effect of lower motor neuron pools

A

Type I mechanoreceptors

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35
Q

This type of receptor is completely inactive in physiologic normal joint. Instead they fire under increased capsule pressure and chemical irritation.

A

Type IV mechanoreceptors

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36
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

The ability to perceive form through touch.

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37
Q

What are our sensory modalities?

A
  • pressure receptors
  • cold receptors
  • warmth receptors
  • nociceptors
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38
Q

What type of receptor signals when hairless skin is ran over the edge on a object?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

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39
Q

What type of receptor signals when subcutaneous tissue is run over the edge of an object?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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40
Q

What type of receptor senses curvature of an object’s surface?

A

Merkel’s discs

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41
Q

What type of receptors are activated by stretching the skin?

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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42
Q

What are superficial receptors of the skin?

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles

- Merkel’s discs

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43
Q

What are deep receptors of the skin?

A
  • Pacinian corpuscles

- Ruffini corpuscles

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44
Q

What are rapidly adapting receptors of the skin?

A
  • Meissner’s

- Pacinian corpuscles

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45
Q

What are slowly adapting receptors of the skin?

A
  • Ruffini corpuscles

- Merkel’s discs

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46
Q

Name the types of receptors of the skin that are activated by sustained pressure.

A
  • Merkel’s discs

- Ruffini corpuscles

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47
Q

What types of receptors of the skin have a small receptive field?

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles

- Merkel’s discs

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48
Q

What types of skin receptors have a large receptive field?

A
  • Pacinian corpuscles

- Ruffini corpusles

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49
Q

This type of skin receptor has a small receptive field and are activated by vibration.

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

50
Q

This type of skin receptor has a large receptive field and is activated by vibration.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

51
Q

This type of receptor has a small receptive field and is activated by sustained pressure.

A

Merkel’s discs

52
Q

This type of receptor has a large receptive field and is activated by sustained pressure

A

Ruffini corpuscles

53
Q

This type of receptor is superficial and rapidly adapting

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

54
Q

This type of receptor is superficial and slowly adapting

A

Merkel’s discs

55
Q

This type of receptor is deep and rapidly adapting.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

56
Q

This type of receptor is deep and slow adapting.

A

Ruffini corpuscles

57
Q

Most aspects of touch and proprioception come from what pathway?

A

Medial lemniscal system (dorsal column)

58
Q

Sensations of crude touch, nociception, temperature, tickle, itch, and sexual sensation come from which pathway?

A

Anterolateral system

59
Q

Where do 2nd order neurons in the medial lemniscal system (dorsal column) cross over?

A

Brain Stem

60
Q

Where do 2nd order neurons in the anterolateral system cross over?

A

Spinal cord

61
Q

Which side of the cord has a lesion of there is a loss of vibration and proprioception?

A

Ipsilateral

62
Q

Which side of the cord has a lesion if there is a loss of sense of temperature (analgesia)

A

Contralateral

63
Q

What brodman area forms muscles stretch receptors?

A

3a

64
Q

What brodman area forms cutaneous receptors?

A

3b

65
Q

What brodman area forms deep pressure receptors?

A

2

66
Q

What brodman area forms rapidly adapting cutaneous receptors?

A

1

67
Q

What type of neurons respond well to movement in all directions but not selectively to movement in any one direction?

A

Motion sensitive neurons

68
Q

What type of neurons respond much better to movement in one direction than in another direction?

A

Direction sensitive neurons

69
Q

What neurons respond best to movement along a specific axis?

A

Orientation sensitive neurons

70
Q

Motion, direction, and orientation sensitive neurons are all neurons in which brodman areas?

A

1 and 2

71
Q

What brodman area integrates tactile information from mechanoreceptors in skin with proprioceptive inputs from underlying muscles and joints?

A

Brodman area 5

72
Q

What brodman area receives visual, tactile, and proprioceptive inputs?

A

Brodman area 7

73
Q

Are thermoreceptors slow or rapidly adapting?

A

slow adapting

74
Q

What is the range for extreme thermoreceptors?

A

50 degrees C

75
Q

What are the three ways that nociceptors can be activated?

A
  • mechanical
  • thermal
  • chemical
76
Q

What are sensations of pain?

A
  • pricking
  • burning
  • aching
  • stinging
  • soreness
77
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumor - swelling
Dalor - pain

78
Q

What does potassium from damaged cells do to nociceptors?

A

Activates nociceptors

79
Q

What does serotonin from platelets do to nociceptors?

A

Activates nociceptors

80
Q

What does bradykinin from plasma kininogen do to nociceptors?

A

Activates nociceptors

81
Q

What does histamine from mast cells do to nociceptors?

A

activates nociceptors

82
Q

What do prostaglandins and leukotriends from ARA damaged cells do to nociceptors?

A

Sensitizes nociceptors

83
Q

What does substance P from the primary afferent do to nociceptors?

A

Sensitives nociceptors

84
Q

What type of fibers secrete both substance P and glutamate?

A

C fibers

85
Q

This is responsible for slow pain

A

Substance P

86
Q

Epicritic describes what pathway?

A

dorsal column - medial lemniscal system

87
Q

Protopathic describes what pathway?

A

anterolateral system

88
Q

This pathway is old phylogenetically and initiates actions.

A

Protopathic

89
Q

This pathway is new phylogenetically and modifies actions.

A

Epicritic

90
Q

Describe endogenous opioids from the pariaquedutal gray

A

enkephaline projections to Raphe

91
Q

Describe endogenous opioids from the Raphe N.

A

Serotonin projections to the cord

92
Q

What do inhibitory interneurons in the cord do?

A

Release enkephalin, inhibits C, A delta fibers and 2nd order projection neurons.

93
Q

This nerve supplies most sensory innervation of head and face.

A

Trigeminal (C.N. V)

94
Q

What type of muscle receptors respond to stretch?

A

Muscle spindles

95
Q

What type of muscle receptors respond to tension?

A

Golgi tendon organs

96
Q

These receptors are located withing the belly of the muscle parallel with extrafusal fibers

A

muscle spindles

97
Q

This type of receptor is located at the junction of the muscle and tendon.

A

Golgi tendon organs

98
Q

What type of receptor in innervated by two types of myelinated afferent fibers?

A

muscle spindles

99
Q

What are two types of myelinated afferent fibers that innervate muscle spindles?

A
  • Group Ia (large diameter)

- Group II (small diameter)

100
Q

What is the innervation of golgi tendon organs?

A

GTOs are innervated by group Ib afferent fibers

101
Q

What happens when a spindle is activated by stretch of a muscle?

A

A muscle contraction

102
Q

What happens when a GTO is stimulated by either a stretch or a contraction of a muscle?

A

Inhibition of muscle contraction

103
Q

What type of muscle spindle is most responsive to muscle shortening?

A

group II

104
Q

What type of muscle spindle is most responsive to muscle lengthening?

A

group Ia

105
Q

What is the afferent innervation of a GTO

A

Group Ib

106
Q

What is the afferent innervation of a muscle spindle?

A

Group Ia

Group II

107
Q

What is the efferent innervation of a GTO?

A

There is none.

108
Q

What is the efferent innervation of a spindle?

A

y fibers

109
Q

What are endogenous cannabinoids produced by the brain?

A
  • anandamide

- 2 arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

110
Q

The production of this is increased during exercise and contributes to “runner’s high”

A

Endogenous Cannabinoids

111
Q

Relationship to extrafusal fiber of GTO

A

Series

112
Q

Relationship to extrafusal fibers of spindle

A

parallel

113
Q

What is the primary GTO stimulus?

A

Contraction (tension)

114
Q

What is the primary spindle stimulus?

A

Stretch

115
Q

What is the reflex response of a GTO

A

Inhibition of extrafusal fibers

116
Q

What is the reflex response of a spindle

A

Contraction of extrafusal fibers

117
Q

What innervates intrafusal fibers?

A

Gamma (y) motor system

118
Q

Mesencephalic area appears to regulate rhythmic gate in what structure?

A

Reticular formation

119
Q

What system facilitates gamma motor neuron antigravity control?

A

Vestibular system

120
Q

Where do you find cutaneous sensory receptors?

A

Over skeletal muscle, sensory afferent activating gamma motor neurons

121
Q

Describe spatial summation.

A

Increased signal strength transmitted by progressively greater number of fibers

122
Q

Describe temporal summation

A

Increased signal strength by increased frequency of firing with the same number of fibers.

Neurophysiology 2 (1 decks)

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