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A level OCR Sociology > Unit 1 - Socialisation, Culture, Identity > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Socialisation, Culture, Identity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Norms

A

Behaviours the majority of people engage in - they are often influenced by values e.g. Joining the back of a queue is a norm that is influenced by the value of politeness

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2
Q

Values

A

Morals or beliefs - they can often lead to norms in behaviour e.g. The value of politeness leads to the norm of joking the back of a queue

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3
Q

Socialisation

A

The process by which we learn about the norms and values of society…there are six agents of socialisation that facilitate this process

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4
Q

Agents of socialisation

A 
The institutions that socialise us (teach us norms and values):
Family
Education 
Peer group
Mass media
Religion
Workplace
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5
Q

Primary socialisation

A

The first socialisation experiences a person receives, from the family

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6
Q

Secondary socialisation

A

Socialisation from school age onwards…education, peer group, religion, workplace, mass media

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7
Q

Parsons

A

The function of the family is to socialise the young

And…

Youth is a transistors phase from childhood to adulthood

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8
Q

Dennis and Erdos

A

Fatherless children are less successfully socialised into the culture of discipline and compromise (1000 children in Newcastle…more poor physical health, low IQ and criminal record if unfathered or poorly fathered)

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9
Q

Chapman

A

Hildesheim are given gender stereotypical chores in the family

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10
Q

Williams

A

Covert obs at large discount retailer and small boutique store, in 300 hrs of toy selling only witnessed two occasions of customers resisting the typical gender categories

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11
Q

Kidd

A

In postmodern world we can’t even say what constitutes a family anymore

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12
Q

Song

A

Workplace and family socialise together…people follow their family into the same type of workplace e.g. Chinese in catering industry

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13
Q

Oakley

A

Children socialised into gender roles by family:
Manipulation - encouraging gender appropriate behaviour
Canalisation - channelling interests
Verbal appellations - gender appropriate pet names
Different activities - e.g. Gendered chores

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14
Q

Blackman

A

New wave girls had shared interests in new wave music and wore the same fashions, they fought against sexism in their school

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15
Q

Bennett

A

Middle aged punks had group cohesion from younger years

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16
Q

McRobbie and Garber

A

Bedroom culture of teenage girls revolving around the gender stereotyped ‘Jackie’ magazine

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17
Q

Skelton and Francis

A

Children in primary schools stuck to certain areas of the playground depending on who their peer group were

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18
Q

Phoenix

A

Boys who worked hard were often seen as feminine by their peers

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19
Q

Packard

A

Hypodermic syringe model - media has a direct effect

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20
Q

Katz and Lazerfield

A

Two step flow model - media and peer group socialise together

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21
Q

Polemus

A

Media is a ‘supermarket of style’ from which we can pick and choose (postmodern view)

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22
Q

Taylor

A

In 1981 American media imports represented 75% of all imports in Europe…McDonaldisation

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23
Q

Glennon and Butsch

A

Under representation of working class in the media

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24
Q

Van Dijk

A

Black people are shown as criminals in the British news

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25
Q

Pearson

A

The young are shown as folk devils in the media

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26
Q

Gauntlett

A

Men are more likely to be shown as heroes in films and women as victims. Men are also more likely to get leading roles when they are older.

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27
Q

Bandura

A

Children who saw a video of an adult beating up an inflatable doll (bobo doll) later imitated the behaviour they had seen

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28
Q

Stefan Pakeerah

A

Was killed by his friend with a hammer after they played a computer game ‘Manhunt’

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29
Q

Jamie Bulger

A

Toddler was abducted, tortured and killed by two young boys…some people linked it to them imitating things they had seen in the film ‘Child’s Play 3’

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30
Q

Hagell and Newburn

A

Violent young offenders actually watch less TV than their non-violent counterparts

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31
Q

Hatcher

A

The education system doesn’t encourage working class success

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32
Q

Troyna and Williams

A

The national curriculum in British schools is ethnocentric

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33
Q

Rosenthal and Jacobsen

A

Teachers in Mexico were told that some of their students were ‘spurters’…in actual fact they had been randomly selected…they did outperform peers due to teacher expectations

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34
Q

Mac an Ghail (peer group/education)

A

School subcultures form part of the informal curriculum e.g. Macho Lads, Real Englishmen etc.

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35
Q

Paul Willis

A

‘Learning to labour’…working class lads resisted education…as a result didn’t get qualifications for anything other than manual work…so couldn’t break out of their class

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36
Q

Bowles and Gintis

A

American Marxist sociologists…education system a ‘giant myth making machine’…brainwashes children into obedience and unquestioning so they are ready for workplace!

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37
Q

Alpert

A 
4 functions of religion:
Authority
Cohesion
Discipline
Collective worship
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38
Q

Weber

A

Sects and cults are normally headed up by a charismatic leader

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39
Q

Holm and Bowker

A

Women are subordinate in all major world religions

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40
Q

Miller and Hoffman

A

Men are less religious than women…because they are more risk taking

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41
Q

Bruce

A

Attendance at religious services is declining

And…

Working class mothers are too busy trying to find food for their children or going to discotheques to go to church

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42
Q

Modood

A

67% of young Pakistani and Bangladeshi saw religion as ‘very important’ compared to only 5% of white British

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43
Q

Ward and Winstanley

A

Gay workers ‘come out’ to their colleagues in different ways depending on the workplace. Police and fire service it is through interpersonal chat…it is important in those organisations that they share strong bonds as they are engaging in dangerous work

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44
Q

Salaman

A

In order to achieve the maximum amount of profit, employers need to control their labour force to make them as productive as possible

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45
Q

Waddington

A

‘Canteen culture’

Certain norms and values in certain workplaces

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46
Q

Savage

A

Doctors are normally from middle class backgrounds and in working class areas people have more ‘practical’ occupations

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47
Q

Mac and Ghail (workplace)

A

‘Crisis of masculinity’ as women take traditionally male jobs

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48
Q

Modood (workplace)

A

Some workplaces are ethnically diverse but some are dominated by one ethnic group, some ethnic groups are also more likely to experience unemployment

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49
Q

Mori survey 2002

A

38% cited ageism in the workplace

50
Q

Featherstone and Hepworth

A

Individual life courses are destructured and fragmented…only some experience age discrimination

51
Q

Culture

A

A ‘way of life’ focusing on the beliefs and customs of a society or social group…with shared norms and values

52
Q

Status

A

Can be held by an individual or group, is based on social position or standing within society

53
Q

Roles

A

A pattern of behaviour, routines or responses acted out in everyday life

54
Q

Subculture

A

A culture within a culture with their own shared norms and values.
A cultural subgroup differentiated by status, ethnic background, residence, religion or other factors that unify the group.

55
Q

Jackson

A

‘Lads’ and ‘ladettes’

56
Q

Clarke

A

Skinhead culture represented working class masculinity. They exaggerated their working class background in order to ‘magically’ recover it from extinction in a capitalist society where middle class values were taking over

57
Q

Hebdige

A

Mods adopted a more respectable appearance than skinheads which reflected their desire to be upwardly mobile

58
Q

Consumer culture

A

Belk - a culture in which the majority of consumers avidly desire (and a noticeable portion pursue, acquire and display) goods and services that are valued for non-utilitarian reasons e.g. Status seeking, envy provocation, novelty seeking

59
Q

Lury

A

Features of a consumer culture:
Availability of wide range of consumer goods
Shopping a leisure pursuit
Different forms of shopping available
Debt accepted as social norm
Packaging and promotion of goods a large scale business

60
Q

Thornton

A

The media are largely responsible for bringing about youth culture

61
Q

High culture

A

Cultural products held in the highest esteem…culture of the elite

62
Q

Bourdieu

A

‘Cultural capital’ e.g. Knowledge of classical music, classical literature and the arts is passed down from generation to generation

63
Q

Berger

A

Analysed oil paintings and found evidence of the class divide - art is used to transmit ruling class ideas that possessions are important

64
Q

Goldman

A

Analysed literature and said class played a large part in the stories

65
Q

Popular culture

A

Ideas, perspectives, attitudes, images and other phenomena that are preferred by the mainstream…the culture of the masses

66
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Societies with a proliferation of different cultures and ethnic groups

67
Q

Parker and Song

A

Internet is used by minority ethnic groups to organise social events and provide forums for the discussion of issues related to different ethnic identities

68
Q

Davie

A

Religion is important for minority ethnic groups as it provides them with a way of maintaining their cultural roots

69
Q

Cultural diversity

A

Ethnic, gender, racial and socioeconomic variety within a society

70
Q

Cricher

A

Moral panics about homosexuals in the media e.g. AIDs

71
Q

Humphries

A

Tea room trade

72
Q

Global culture

A

One world culture. Loss of cultural diversity…all are exposed to the same things due to global media so we have one culture experienced by all people.

73
Q

Johan and Bains

A

Some children wear a metaphorical white mask to fit in with the majority culture at school

74
Q

Identity

A

Woodward - ‘belonging’ to something, each individual chooses their own identity

Bradley- two types of identity:
Passive…born or socialised into e.g. Gender, class, ethnicity, age
Active…choose to pursue e.g. Hobbies, beliefs

75
Q

Femininities

A

Normative - physical appearance important
Passive - traditional housewife role, quiet, demure, submissive
Assertive - challenge male culture and sexism

76
Q

Masculinities

A

Hegemonic/normative - lad culture, male supremacy, aggression, heterosexuality
Complicit - new man, takes account of appearance, shared role in family
Marginalised - low class, ethnic minorities etc. Jobs not guaranteed
Subordinate - gay men

77
Q

Welch

A

TV ads aimed at boys are active, loud, rapid camera cuts

Girls ads have soft fades, gentle background music

78
Q

Hakim

A

Horizontal and vertical segregation in workplace in terms of gender

79
Q

Ethnic identity

A

Modood - a combination of culture, descent and sense of identity

80
Q

Seidler

A

Girls from some Asian backgrounds live a double life…traditional role at home and more questioning femininity outside

81
Q

Alexander

A

One of the biggest influences in the creation of black identity was the peer group

82
Q

Khattab

A

Official statistics show that religion and skin colour are the best predictors of educational and occupational attainment…white Christian most advantaged, black Muslim most disadvantaged

83
Q

Ethnic hybrid identity

A

Different ethnic styles are combined in novel ways
‘Brasian’ - British Asian
‘Wigger’- white youths mixing African American ‘gangsta’ culture with their British identity

84
Q

Gillespie

A

Punjabi/Asian population of Southall in London…used television and videos to redefine their ethnic identity, experience different cultures and mix them into new identities

85
Q

Les Back

A

White, Asian and Black young people on tow council estates in South London. Found a great deal of interracial relationships and ‘borrowing’ of cultural styles to create new identities

86
Q

Charlotte Butler

A

Young British Asians retained respect for Islam but also adopted some Western ideas about education and careers

87
Q

Assimilation

A

Ethnic culture is abandoned and mainstream culture adopted

88
Q

Cultural navigation

A

Young minorities ‘switch codes’ e.g. Act differently at home and with peers

89
Q

Age identity

A 
How long we have lived shapes our identity in terms of what we see as age appropriate behaviours
Childhood
Youth
Adulthood
Old age
90
Q

Willis (media)

A

Old people shown as grumpy, stubborn, lonely and interfering in the media

91
Q

Biggs

A

Old people shown as feeble, vague and forgetful in media

92
Q

Eisenstadt

A

Youth culture binds young people into society - through fostering relationships with peers they develop feelings of community

93
Q

Durkheim

A

Education serves the function of preparing the young for the roles they will play in their adult lives…helps them prepare for the workplace

94
Q

O’Beirne

A

Those with a religion are usually older on average (50+)

95
Q

YouGov

A

Belief in God is lowest amongst the young (18-34)

96
Q

Class identity

A 
How we classify ourselves and behave based on money and background
Underclass
Working class
Middle class
Upper class
Super rich
97
Q

Reay

A

Middle class mothers are more able to influence their child’s schooling

98
Q

GUMG

A

Content analysis of miners strike on British news…mine owners shown positively, miners shown as trouble

99
Q

Marx

A

Religion is used by the bourgeoisie to control…‘the opiate of the masses’

100
Q

Devine

A

50 unstructured interviews with doctors and teachers…most didn’t refer to the concept of class (class is dead?)

101
Q

Disability identity

A

When individuals with a physical or mental impairment see this as an integral part of their being…they may be subjected to marginalisation, prejudice or discrimination

102
Q

Shakesphere

A

Disabled people can be socialised into a ‘victim mentality’…they have an investment in their own incapacity because it can become the rationale for their own failure

103
Q

Zola

A

Labelling of disabled people…vocabulary is borrowed from (discriminatory able-bodied) society…de-formed, dis-eased, dis-baked, did-ordered, ab-normal

104
Q

Sexual identity

A

The label that people adopt to signal to others who they are as a sexual being…particularly in terms of sexual orientation

105
Q

Weeks

A

Sexual identification is complex e.g. There are people who engage in same sex acts but do not classify themselves as gay

106
Q

Mary McIntosh

A

Once a male has accepted the label of homosexual he will start to fulfil it…by adopting effeminate mannerisms etc to live up to cultural expectations

107
Q

Plummer

A

The ‘homosexual career’ - once a male has accepted the label of homosexual he will seek out others and join a subculture in which homosexual characteristics become the norm

108
Q

Reiss

A

Young prostitutes or ‘rent boys’ regarded themselves as heterosexual despite having sex with men for money

109
Q

Rich

A

Women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society…women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role…lesbian identity has been constructed as abnormal because it is a threat to male dominance and power over women

110
Q

National identity

A

When we have a sense of belonging towards one nation or state

Anderson - national identity is constructed through symbols such as the flag and the anthem, and rituals such as national holidays and festivals

111
Q

Schusden

A 
Features of national identity:
Common language
Education
National rituals
Symbols
The mass media
The mass production of fashion and taste
112
Q

Hirschi

A

There are 4 crucial binds that tie us together and stop us committing crime…national identity can provide these things:
Attachment (care about others)
Commitment (what have we got to lose)
Involvement (do we have time to be deviant)
Belief (how much do we think we should obey)

113
Q

Stuart Hall

A

Three different reactions to globalisation:
Cultural homogenisation - accept global culture
Cultural hybridity - merge cultures together
Cultural resistance - fiercely protect cultural heritage (could result in a strong national identity)

114
Q

Nature

A

Behaviour is caused by biological factors

115
Q

Nurture

A

Behaviour is caused by environmental factors

116
Q

Curtiss

A

The case of ‘Genie’
Neglect and abuse permanently affected Genie…she never properly acquired language skills
Supports the case for nurture

117
Q

John William Money

A

The sex reassignment of David Reimer
Botched circumcision led to a boy being raised as a girl but he never accepted his role as a girl and always felt like a boy inside
Supports nature

118
Q

Minnesota study

A

Study of twins raised apart
When reunited some of the twins had amazing similarities to each other (e.g. The Jim twins) but there were also many who were very different to each other
Maybe nature and nurture both influence behaviour

119
Q

Formal social control

A

Written rules or codes of conduct

120
Q

Informal social control

A

Expectations without written rules

A level OCR Sociology (1 decks)

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