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Challenge and Change > Unit 1 - Social Science > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Social Science Flashcards

1
Q

what is functionalism?

A

Functionalism is the idea that everything in society has a purpose (or function) to keep things running smoothly. Think of society like a human body—just like the heart, lungs, and brain all have jobs to keep you alive, different parts of society (like schools, laws, and families) work together to keep things stable. If one part fails, it can mess up the whole system!

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2
Q

Pavlov and Skinner are both pioneers in which School of Thought?

A

Learning Theory

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3
Q

Learning Theory

A

Learning theory is about how people learn new things. It explains how experiences, rewards, and consequences shape behavior. There are three main types:

Behaviorism – Learning happens through rewards and punishments (think Pavlov’s dogs or getting a gold star for good work).
Cognitive Theory – Learning is about thinking, memory, and problem-solving (your brain actively processes info, like figuring out a puzzle).
Constructivism – People learn by doing and building on what they already know (learning to ride a bike by trying, falling, and adjusting).
Basically, learning theory helps explain how we pick up new skills and knowledge!

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4
Q

A society’s rules of right and wrong behaviour (non-material culture) is known as:

A

norms

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5
Q

Which social science is the scientific study of human mind, mental states, and human behaviour?

A

psychology

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6
Q

Psychoanalytics believes that any frustration a person has as an adult may be attributed to:

A

early childhood experiences

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7
Q

A rat being taught to eat at the sound of a bell is best explained by _________________.

A

classical conditioning

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8
Q

Behaviourism is a subcategory within __________________.

A

learning theory

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9
Q

The main technique used by anthropologists is __________________.

A

participant observation

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10
Q

_____ is information that is expressed in words and collected using methods such as interviews.

A

qualitative data

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11
Q

__ refers to the spread of a cultural trait from one society to another through social contact.

A

diffusion

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12
Q

The use of rewards and punishments to create behavior change is called _______________.

A

operant conditioning

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13
Q

The idea that economic power leads to political power is the basis of ___________ theory.

A

marxist

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14
Q

____________________ studies the behavior of human culture from the past and present.

A

anthropology

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15
Q

Anthropologist Dian Fossey studied the behavior of _________________ in Africa.

A

Mountain Gorillas

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16
Q

Anthro uses ____ to explain sims & diffs among people in the context of humanity as a whole.

A

The Scientific Method

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17
Q

The discipline of ______________ studies topics such as emotion, personality, and motivation.

A

psychology

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18
Q

The experience of discomfort b/c of incompatibility b/w a group attitude & a personal belief:

A

Cognitive Dissonance

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19
Q

The general state of affairs / conditions of a group, culture, or society.

A

Status Quo

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20
Q

This approach is most concerned with the internal motivations of individual behaviour?

A

sociology

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21
Q

The human body as a metaphor or symbol for society most closely fits with:

A

functionalism

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22
Q

Which of the following is an example of quantitative research methodology?

A

an online survey

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23
Q

This theory believes that society is supported by inequality between the rich and the poor:

A

marxism

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24
Q

___________ help meet the basic needs of society.

A

Social Institutions

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25
Name the system adopted by a given society to guide family or blood relationship.
kinship
26
_______ denotes the functional significance of the actor for the social system.
role
27
Name the expected behaviour of an individual occupying a particular social position.
role
28
The group which is more influential than family among the adolescents is __________.
Peer Group
29
Features of social life that challenges or creates tensions in a social system.
dysfunction
30
Questions that examine the social meaning or patterns of a phenomenon are ___________questions.
sociological
31
The study of large scale organizations or social systems belongs to _________ sociology.
macro
32
___________ are formalized modes of behavior in which the members of a group regularlyengage.
rituals
33
A process by which cultural borrowing and lending take place.
acculturation
34
Name the person who introduced the concept ‘cultural relativism’ for the first time.
Franz Boas
35
cultural relativism
Cultural relativism is the idea that we should understand and judge cultures based on their own values and beliefs, not by comparing them to our own. It means there’s no universal “right” or “wrong” because every culture has its own way of doing things. For example, what’s considered polite in one culture (like bowing in Japan) might not be the same in another (like shaking hands in Canada). Instead of saying one is better, cultural relativism encourages respect and open-mindedness toward different traditions and customs.
36
__________ are relatively stable structures which meet the basic social needs of people.
institutions
37
___________ tell individuals how to behave in given situations.
norms
38
Specific guidelines for behavior are termed as ____________.
norms
39
____________ are general abstract moral principles defining what is right or wrong.
values
40
__________ interaction consists of vocal or other gestures and language, spoken orwritten.
symbolic
41
Sociologists take a ___________ view when they focus on how people interact with eachother.
micro
42
_____________ accepts the value of all cultures.
Cultural Relativism
43
__________ is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture.
ethnocentrism
44
Name the blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society.
assimilation
45
_____________ is/are the integrated system of learned behavior patterns.
culture
46
__ sociology focuses on large-scale & long-term social processes & broad social patterns.
macro
47
A rite of passage is -
a ritual celebration marking an important event
48
According to Sigmund Freud, the superego represents:
the standards of morality
49
According to B.F. Skinner, the learning theory states that language acquisition:
occurs through conditioning processes
50
Which of the following is NOT a rite of passage?
sunday night dinner with the family
51
Which of the following is true for social institutions?
-they're an organized way for society to meet its basic needs -they insist upon predictable behaviours from their members -each member must hold a distinct and specific role
52
People and factors that can influence social change are known as:
Agents of Change
53
A new product, idea or social pattern that affects the way large groups conduct their lives:
invention
54
Constructed kinships such close family friends who are like family:
Fictive Kinships
55
When one culture forces another to change:
Directed Change
56
Directed Change
Directed change is when a society or culture intentionally changes due to outside influence or internal decisions. Instead of change happening naturally over time, it's planned or forced. Examples: Colonization – When European powers imposed their laws, language, and customs on Indigenous societies. Government Policies – Laws that push for social change, like banning plastic bags to reduce waste. Technology & Innovation – The shift from landlines to smartphones because companies and governments pushed for digital communication. It’s basically change that happens on purpose, whether for good or bad!
57
"To understand a culture, functions of social institutions must be understood." This is the...
Functionalist Approach
58
"To understand a culture, these rules it uses must be explained". This is the...
Structural Approach
59
"To understand a culture you must examine members’ reproduction & economic production." This is
The Cultural Materialist Approach
60
This theory purports that learning occurs through social interaction
modelling
61
The group that is not manipulated in an experiment is known as
The Control Group
62
The experience of opposing or conflicting demands of two or more roles, is known as:
Role Conflict
63
Role Conflict
Role conflict happens when a person has two or more roles that clash, making it hard to fulfill both properly. Example: A student who also has a part-time job might struggle to balance studying for exams and working late shifts. A police officer who is also a parent might feel torn between enforcing the law and protecting their child if they get in trouble. Basically, it's when different responsibilities pull you in opposite directions, making life stressful!
64
This type of feminism, believes patriarchy is entrenched and almost impossible to get rid of
radical
65
radical
"Radical" can mean a few things, depending on the context: Extreme Change – A radical idea or action pushes for major, sometimes revolutionary, change. Example: Calling for a completely new government system instead of small reforms. Fundamental – It can also mean focusing on the root (or "radix," the Latin origin of the word) of a problem. Example: A radical solution to poverty would be changing the entire economic system. Slang (Cool/Extreme) – In some cases, "radical" just means awesome or intense, like in 80s slang: "That skateboard trick was radical!" Basically, being radical means going all in, whether it’s in politics, science, or just having a wild idea!
66
A perspective that attempts to encompass all of humanity:
inclusionism
67
Who is said to be the father of Sociology?
Auguste Comte
68
Who posited that the roots of human misery lay in class conflict?
Karl Marx
69
The ____ examined by sociologists are recurring characteristics or events.
patterns of behaviour
70
The language, beliefs, values, norms, and behaviours passed from one generation to the next are a group's ...
culture
71
_______ is a way of saying that sociology tries to understand social behaviour by placing it in its wider social context
seeing the general in the particular
72
_____ is to approach the everyday world as though were are seeing it for the 1st time & as if you're from another world.
seeing the strange in the familiar
73
An individual's place in society including race, class, gender, sexuality, religion, age, education, marital status, etc
Social Location
74
If a social group is ___ it means that it occupies a position outside the centres of power.
marginalized
75
What do sociologists study to determine how society functions?
Interactions and conflicts within groups
76
Why are norms important in society?
They maintain social order and stability
77
What do sociologists theorize about societal changes?
They theorize on the nature of changes that bring about social order and instability
78
What statistical data do sociologists examine to predict future trends?
Data from sources such as the government census
79
Who are the three predominant theorists in sociology?
Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber
80
What is Emile Durkheim's view on social change?
Social change is inevitable and follows a logical and predictable path
81
What does Karl Marx believe drives social change?
Competition and conflict between social classes
82
According to Max Weber, what shapes human actions and society?
Culture
83
What is structural functionalism?
A school of thought emphasizing society's function to provide stability and equilibrium
84
What does Marxism focus on in terms of social relationships?
Economic power and material wealth
85
What is the main idea of feminism in sociology?
Patterns of social inequality are based on gender
86
What does microsociology study?
Social encounters, experiences, roles, and interactions of individuals in small groups
87
Define cognitive consistency
The tendency to seek out stimuli consistent with thoughts, attitudes, and behaviours
88
What is cognitive dissonance?
The feeling of discomfort when actions conflict with beliefs
89
Who conducted the landmark study on cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith
90
What was the main finding of Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment?
Individuals change their beliefs to reduce cognitive dissonance
91
What is macrosociology?
The analysis of groups, social systems, and social structures on a large scale
92
What is a social paradigm shift?
A transformation in collective ideals and beliefs that changes how individuals perceive reality
93
Who popularized the term 'paradigm'?
Thomas Kuhn
94
What is paradigm paralysis?
The inability or refusal to see beyond current systems of thought
95
What does confirmation bias refer to?
The tendency to favor information that conforms to one's beliefs
96
How do current trends relate to past trends?
Societal changes build upon previous developments
97
What role do individuals play in changing society?
They question social norms, participate in cultural movements, and influence social values
98
How do cognitive consistency and cognitive dissonance apply to adolescent behaviours?
They influence peer pressure and identity formation
99
What difficulties do people face when challenging a social paradigm?
Hostility from those in positions of power
100
What concept did Galileo Galilei challenge regarding the universe?
The idea that the earth was the center of the universe
101
What did Galileo Galilei prove about the Earth's movement?
The earth rotated around the sun
102
What was the reaction of political and religious groups to Galileo's discovery?
Resistance
103
What happened to Galileo under the Spanish Inquisition?
He was put on trial and forced to recant
104
What was the consequence of Galileo's recantation?
He lived the rest of his life under house arrest
105
What difficulties do people face when they challenge a social paradigm?
Violence, legal repercussions, or social backlash
106
What is a common belief that Galileo challenged regarding the Earth's position?
That the Earth revolved around the sun
107
What are some examples of concepts that were once viewed as radical but gained acceptance?
* Racial equality * Same-sex marriage * Women's rights
108
What major paradigm shift has occurred in recent years?
The rise of digital technology and social media
109
How has digital technology transformed communication?
It has changed how people communicate, access information, and form relationships
110
What change in childhood experiences is noted between different generations?
Younger children now have more access to handheld devices
111
How has the use of digital devices affected language skills in children?
Resulted in stunted language skills
112
What type of communication was predominant before the digital shift?
Face-to-face interactions or phone calls
113
What does the internet enable regarding confirmation bias?
Selective exposure to information that supports existing beliefs
114
How do online algorithms affect confirmation bias?
They align content with users' preferences and filter out opposing views
115
What can the internet be used for when applied meaningfully?
A tool for reducing confirmation bias
116
What question might an anthropologist ask about gender roles?
How do cultural expectations shape gender roles in different societies?

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