Unit 1 Simplification Flashcards
Measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH
A toxic substance that is produced or is a byproduct of a man-made process
Toxicant
Thiol
_______ pKa = more acidic
Lower
A high volume distribution means that more blood is in the ________
Tissue
B[a]P covalently binds to Nitrogen (N) in DNA -> DNA adduct -> DNA alteration - DNA dysfunction
Where does absorption occur? What are three primary routes for absorption?
In the blood
Primary Routs of Absorption: Lungs, GI, Skin
MTD
Maximal Tolerated Dose
NO OBSERVABLE ADVERSE EFFECT LEVEL
NOAEL
The capacity to cause an adverse effect
Hazard
Amine
A concept that describes the non-monotonic
nature of chemicals influence on the response (too much and too little are bad)
Hormesis
The probability an adverse effect will occur
Risk
LD10
Lethal Dose for 10% of the population
MLD
Minimal Lethal Dose
ED10
Effective Dose for 10% of the population
A patient receives a drug dose of 500 mg, and the concentration of the drug in the plasma (Cp) is measured at 10 mg/L. Calculate the volume of distribution (Vd) of the drug in the patient.
Vd = 50 L
Carboxylic Acid
Ketone
A toxic substance produced naturally
Toxin
Explain the Ahr Pathway
Ahr/Arnt heterodimer bind to DNA -> activate gene transcription -> produces detoxifying enzymes (CYP450).
An important antioxidant
Glutathione
What is ADME?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination (urinary and biliary)
Any substance that is foreign to the body
Xenobiotic
Explain the concept of passage through the membrane.
Nonpolar molecules can pass through the membrane easily.
Polar and charged molecules need help crossing the membrane
Calculate Margin of Safety (MOS)
Toxic dose for 1%: Greater than 300 mcg/mL
Toxic dose for 50%: Greater than 800 mcg/mL
Effective dose for 99%: 150 mcg/mL
Effective dose for 50%: 100 mcg/mL
MOS = LD1/ED99
300/150 = 2
NO OBSERVABLE EFFECT LEVEL
NOEL
Alcohol
Nitro
Explain these Dose- Response Curves
- No response
- Increased Response = Increased Dose
- As the dose increases you will reach a saturated point
4.High response with low or high dose
Nitrile
A patient has a drug plasma concentration (Cp) of 15 mg/L, and the rate of elimination for the drug is measured to be 30 mg/hr. Calculate the clearance (CL) of the drug.
CL=2L/hr
Calculate the Therapeutic Index (TI)
TI = TD50/ED50
TI = 10/1 = 10
Used to measure alkalinity and alkalinity of a molecule
pKa
Drug that is inactive and attached to the proteins in the blood. This drug cannot pass through the cell membrane or interact with receptors.
bound drug
A low volume distribution means that more blood is in the _______
Plasma
Total amount of drug in the bloodstream
total drug (total drug= bound drug + free drug)
Amide
Drug that is active but not bound to proteins. This drug can pass through the cell membrane and exert a therapeutic effect.
free drug (unbound)
A patient receives a drug dose of 400 mg, and the volume of distribution (Vd) is calculated to be 20 L. What is the concentration of the drug in plasma (Cp)?
Cp=20mg/L
Ester
What is the main concept?
Covalent binding -> protein adducts formations -> disrupts cellular function
A toxic metabolite can bind to DNA, proteins, and lipids and forming stable adducts. These are stable and long term damage can lead to cell death, mutations, etc.
Ether
Explain the pathway from O₂⁻*
SOD converts superoxide (O₂⁻) into hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which is less reactive and more stable. However, in the presence of free metal ions (like iron or copper), hydrogen peroxide undergoes the Fenton reaction, producing the highly reactive and toxic hydroxyl radical (OH). This is the unintended side effect, as the detoxification process fails to neutralize ROS and instead generates a more dangerous radical.
Molecule becomes charged
Ionization
Halogens
Aldehyde
TD10
Tolerated Dose for 10% of the population
How much of an agent is required to produce a response
Dose response
Where does distribution occur?
Into the tissue
Single bonds vs double or triple bonds
Saturated vs unsaturated
