Unit 1 Simplification

Question 1

Measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Answer 1

pH

Question 2

A toxic substance that is produced or is a byproduct of a man-made process

Answer 2

Toxicant

Question 3

Answer 3

Thiol

Question 4

_______ pKa = more acidic

Answer 4

Lower

Question 5

Question 6

A high volume distribution means that more blood is in the ________

Answer 6

Tissue

Question 7

Answer 7

B[a]P covalently binds to Nitrogen (N) in DNA -> DNA adduct -> DNA alteration - DNA dysfunction

Question 8

Where does absorption occur? What are three primary routes for absorption?

Answer 8

In the blood

Primary Routs of Absorption: Lungs, GI, Skin

Question 9

MTD

Answer 9

Maximal Tolerated Dose

Question 10

NO OBSERVABLE ADVERSE EFFECT LEVEL

Answer 10

NOAEL

Question 11

The capacity to cause an adverse effect

Answer 11

Hazard

Question 12

Answer 12

Amine

Question 13

A concept that describes the non-monotonic
nature of chemicals influence on the response (too much and too little are bad)

Answer 13

Hormesis

Question 14

The probability an adverse effect will occur

Answer 14

Risk

Question 15

LD10

Answer 15

Lethal Dose for 10% of the population

Question 16

MLD

Answer 16

Minimal Lethal Dose

Question 17

ED10

Answer 17

Effective Dose for 10% of the population

Question 18

A patient receives a drug dose of 500 mg, and the concentration of the drug in the plasma (Cp) is measured at 10 mg/L. Calculate the volume of distribution (Vd) of the drug in the patient.

Answer 18

Vd = 50 L

Question 19

Answer 19

Carboxylic Acid

Question 20

Answer 20

Ketone

Question 21

A toxic substance produced naturally

Answer 21

Toxin

Question 22

Question 23

Explain the Ahr Pathway

Answer 23

Ahr/Arnt heterodimer bind to DNA -> activate gene transcription -> produces detoxifying enzymes (CYP450).

Question 24

An important antioxidant

Answer 24

Glutathione

Question 25

What is ADME?

Answer 25

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination (urinary and biliary)

Question 26

Any substance that is foreign to the body

Answer 26

Xenobiotic

Question 27

Explain the concept of passage through the membrane.

Answer 27

Nonpolar molecules can pass through the membrane easily. Polar and charged molecules need help crossing the membrane

Question 28

Question 29

Question 30

Question 31

Calculate Margin of Safety (MOS) Toxic dose for 1%: Greater than 300 mcg/mL Toxic dose for 50%: Greater than 800 mcg/mL Effective dose for 99%: 150 mcg/mL Effective dose for 50%: 100 mcg/mL

Answer 31

MOS = LD1/ED99 300/150 = 2

Question 32

NO OBSERVABLE EFFECT LEVEL

Answer 32

NOEL

Question 33

Question 34

Answer 34

Alcohol

Question 35

Answer 35

Nitro

Question 36

Explain these Dose- Response Curves

Answer 36

1. No response 2. Increased Response = Increased Dose 3. As the dose increases you will reach a saturated point 4.High response with low or high dose

Question 37

Answer 37

Nitrile

Question 38

A patient has a drug plasma concentration (Cp) of 15 mg/L, and the rate of elimination for the drug is measured to be 30 mg/hr. Calculate the clearance (CL) of the drug.

Answer 38

CL=2L/hr

Question 39

Question 40

Calculate the Therapeutic Index (TI)

Answer 40

TI = TD50/ED50 TI = 10/1 = 10

Question 41

Used to measure alkalinity and alkalinity of a molecule

Answer 41

pKa

Question 42

Drug that is inactive and attached to the proteins in the blood. This drug cannot pass through the cell membrane or interact with receptors.

Answer 42

bound drug

Question 43

A low volume distribution means that more blood is in the _______

Answer 43

Plasma

Question 44

Total amount of drug in the bloodstream

Answer 44

total drug (total drug= bound drug + free drug)

Question 45

Answer 45

Amide

Question 46

Drug that is active but not bound to proteins. This drug can pass through the cell membrane and exert a therapeutic effect.

Answer 46

free drug (unbound)

Question 47

A patient receives a drug dose of 400 mg, and the volume of distribution (Vd) is calculated to be 20 L. What is the concentration of the drug in plasma (Cp)?

Answer 47

Cp=20mg/L

Question 48

Question 49

Answer 49

Ester

Question 50

Question 51

What is the main concept?

Answer 51

Covalent binding -> protein adducts formations -> disrupts cellular function A toxic metabolite can bind to DNA, proteins, and lipids and forming stable adducts. These are stable and long term damage can lead to cell death, mutations, etc.

Question 52

Answer 52

Ether

Question 53

Explain the pathway from O₂⁻*

Answer 53

SOD converts superoxide (O₂⁻*) into hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which is less reactive and more stable. However, in the presence of free metal ions (like iron or copper), hydrogen peroxide undergoes the Fenton reaction, producing the highly reactive and toxic hydroxyl radical (OH*). This is the unintended side effect, as the detoxification process fails to neutralize ROS and instead generates a more dangerous radical.

Question 54

Molecule becomes charged

Answer 54

Ionization

Question 55

Answer 55

Halogens

Question 56

Answer 56

Aldehyde

Question 57

Question 58

TD10

Answer 58

Tolerated Dose for 10% of the population

Question 59

How much of an agent is required to produce a response

Answer 59

Dose response

Question 60

Where does distribution occur?

Answer 60

Into the tissue

Question 61

Single bonds vs double or triple bonds

Answer 61

Saturated vs unsaturated