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Fundamentals of Toxicology > Unit 1 Simplification > Flashcards

Unit 1 Simplification Flashcards

1
Q

Measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

A

pH

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2
Q

A toxic substance that is produced or is a byproduct of a man-made process

A

Toxicant

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3
Q
A

Thiol

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4
Q

_______ pKa = more acidic

A

Lower

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

A high volume distribution means that more blood is in the ________

A

Tissue

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7
Q
A

B[a]P covalently binds to Nitrogen (N) in DNA -> DNA adduct -> DNA alteration - DNA dysfunction

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8
Q

Where does absorption occur? What are three primary routes for absorption?

A

In the blood

Primary Routs of Absorption: Lungs, GI, Skin

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9
Q

MTD

A

Maximal Tolerated Dose

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10
Q

NO OBSERVABLE ADVERSE EFFECT LEVEL

A

NOAEL

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11
Q

The capacity to cause an adverse effect

A

Hazard

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12
Q
A

Amine

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13
Q

A concept that describes the non-monotonic
nature of chemicals influence on the response (too much and too little are bad)

A

Hormesis

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14
Q

The probability an adverse effect will occur

A

Risk

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15
Q

LD10

A

Lethal Dose for 10% of the population

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16
Q

MLD

A

Minimal Lethal Dose

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17
Q

ED10

A

Effective Dose for 10% of the population

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18
Q

A patient receives a drug dose of 500 mg, and the concentration of the drug in the plasma (Cp) is measured at 10 mg/L. Calculate the volume of distribution (Vd) of the drug in the patient.

A

Vd = 50 L

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19
Q
A

Carboxylic Acid

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20
Q
A

Ketone

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21
Q

A toxic substance produced naturally

A

Toxin

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Explain the Ahr Pathway

A

Ahr/Arnt heterodimer bind to DNA -> activate gene transcription -> produces detoxifying enzymes (CYP450).

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24
Q

An important antioxidant

A

Glutathione

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25
Q

What is ADME?

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination (urinary and biliary)

26
Q

Any substance that is foreign to the body

A

Xenobiotic

27
Q

Explain the concept of passage through the membrane.

A

Nonpolar molecules can pass through the membrane easily.

Polar and charged molecules need help crossing the membrane

28
Q
A
29
Q
A
30
Q
A
31
Q

Calculate Margin of Safety (MOS)

Toxic dose for 1%: Greater than 300 mcg/mL
Toxic dose for 50%: Greater than 800 mcg/mL
Effective dose for 99%: 150 mcg/mL
Effective dose for 50%: 100 mcg/mL

A

MOS = LD1/ED99
300/150 = 2

32
Q

NO OBSERVABLE EFFECT LEVEL

A

NOEL

33
Q
A
34
Q
A

Alcohol

35
Q
A

Nitro

36
Q

Explain these Dose- Response Curves

A
  1. No response
  2. Increased Response = Increased Dose
  3. As the dose increases you will reach a saturated point
    4.High response with low or high dose
37
Q
A

Nitrile

38
Q

A patient has a drug plasma concentration (Cp) of 15 mg/L, and the rate of elimination for the drug is measured to be 30 mg/hr. Calculate the clearance (CL) of the drug.

A

CL=2L/hr

39
Q
A
40
Q

Calculate the Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

TI = TD50/ED50
TI = 10/1 = 10

41
Q

Used to measure alkalinity and alkalinity of a molecule

A

pKa

42
Q

Drug that is inactive and attached to the proteins in the blood. This drug cannot pass through the cell membrane or interact with receptors.

A

bound drug

43
Q

A low volume distribution means that more blood is in the _______

A

Plasma

44
Q

Total amount of drug in the bloodstream

A

total drug (total drug= bound drug + free drug)

45
Q
A

Amide

46
Q

Drug that is active but not bound to proteins. This drug can pass through the cell membrane and exert a therapeutic effect.

A

free drug (unbound)

47
Q

A patient receives a drug dose of 400 mg, and the volume of distribution (Vd) is calculated to be 20 L. What is the concentration of the drug in plasma (Cp)?

A

Cp=20mg/L

48
Q
A
49
Q
A

Ester

50
Q
A
51
Q

What is the main concept?

A

Covalent binding -> protein adducts formations -> disrupts cellular function

A toxic metabolite can bind to DNA, proteins, and lipids and forming stable adducts. These are stable and long term damage can lead to cell death, mutations, etc.

52
Q
A

Ether

53
Q

Explain the pathway from O₂⁻*

A

SOD converts superoxide (O₂⁻) into hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which is less reactive and more stable. However, in the presence of free metal ions (like iron or copper), hydrogen peroxide undergoes the Fenton reaction, producing the highly reactive and toxic hydroxyl radical (OH). This is the unintended side effect, as the detoxification process fails to neutralize ROS and instead generates a more dangerous radical.

54
Q

Molecule becomes charged

A

Ionization

55
Q
A

Halogens

56
Q
A

Aldehyde

57
Q
A
58
Q

TD10

A

Tolerated Dose for 10% of the population

59
Q

How much of an agent is required to produce a response

A

Dose response

60
Q

Where does distribution occur?

A

Into the tissue

61
Q

Single bonds vs double or triple bonds

A

Saturated vs unsaturated

Fundamentals of Toxicology (2 decks)

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