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AS Chemistry - Unit 1 > Unit 1: Section 4 - Alkanes and Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 1: Section 4 - Alkanes and Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry the study off?

A

The study of carbon containing compounds

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2
Q

What does nomenclature stand for?

A

Naming molecules

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3
Q

What does molecular formula show?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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4
Q

What does the structural formula show?

A

The atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogen and functional groups

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5
Q

What does the displayed formula show?

A

How all the atoms are arranged with all the bonds between them

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6
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

It shows the simplest ratio of whole atoms of each element in the compound

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7
Q

What would the empirical formula of pentene be?

A

CH2

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8
Q

What is a general formula?

A

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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9
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Organic compounds hat all have the same general formula

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10
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

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11
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of carbon atoms

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12
Q

What is a positional isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula , same arrangement of carbon atoms however the other atom/group is attached to a different carbon atom

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13
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged into different functional groups

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14
Q

Do alkanes have any double bonds?

A

No

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15
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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16
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon

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17
Q

What does a cycloalkane look like?

A

A ring of carbon atoms with two hydrogen attached to each carbon

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18
Q

What prefix do you use for straight chain alkanes with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 carbon atoms?

A 
1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
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19
Q

What do all alkanes end in?

A

ane

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20
Q

What prefix do you use you for branched chains that have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 carbon atoms?

A 
1 - methyl
2 - ethyl
3 - propyl
4 - butyl
5 - pentyl
6 - hexyl
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21
Q

If there are more than one branched chain what order do you place them in?

A

alphabetical

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22
Q

If there are two or more branched chain of the same type what prefixes do you add?

A

di for two and tri for three

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23
Q

What are haloalkanes?

A

Alkanes where one or more hydrogens have been swapped for a halogen

24
Q

What are the names of the four halogens?

A

Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine

25
Q

What prefixes do you use for haloalkanes that contain either fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine

A

Fluorine - fluoro
Chlorine - chloro
Bromine - bromo
Iodine - iodo

26
Q

What do alkenes contain that alkanes don’t?

A

a double bond between the carbon atoms

27
Q

What do all alkenes end in if they have one double carbon bond?

A

ene

28
Q

How do you show where the double bond is in an alkene?

A

But the number of the first carbon atom it comes of before the ene part

29
Q

What do all alkenes end in if they have two double carbon bond?

A

diene

30
Q

What process do you use to split crude oil up?

A

Fractional distillation

31
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation?

A
  1. ) the crude oil is vaporised at about 350
  2. ) it is then fed into the bottom of the column
  3. ) as the crude oil vapour goes u the fractionating column it gets cooler creating a temperature gradient
  4. ) as different hydrocarbons have different boiling points each fraction condenses at a separate point
  5. ) this means the different fractions can be tapped off
32
Q

Do longer or shorter hydrocarbons have a higher boiling point?

A

Larger

33
Q

Is it cooler at the top or the bottom of the fractional distillation column?

A

Top

34
Q

Where are longer hydrocarbons tapped off?

A

The bottom

35
Q

Name nine fractions of crude oil?

A

natural gases, petro, naptha, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil, fuel oil, wax bitumen

36
Q

What happens do the excess longer hydrocarbon chains as they aren’t in as much demand?

A

Go through a process called cracking to make smaller chains which are more useful

37
Q

What bonds does cracking involve breaking?

A

C-C

38
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

Thermal and catalytic

39
Q

What pressure, temperature and catalyst is used during thermal cracking?

A

High temperature (up to 1000), high pressure (up to 70atm) no catalyst is used

40
Q

What pressure, temperature and catalyst is used during catalytic cracking?

A

High temperature (around 450), slight pressure and a zeolite catalyst

41
Q

What is produced through thermal cracking?

A

Lots of alkenes

42
Q

What is produced through catalytic cracking?

A

Mostly motor fuel and aromatic hydrocarbons

43
Q

If you burn an alkane and it goes through complete combustion what is formed?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

44
Q

If you burn an alkane and it goes through incomplete combustion what is formed?

A

particulate carbon, carbon monoxide and some carbon dioxide and water

45
Q

How is nitrogen oxide produced in a car engine?

A

The high temperature and pressure makes the nitrogen and oxygen atoms react together

46
Q

What can nitrogen oxide react further with to produce?

A

With oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxides

47
Q

Are nitrogen oxide non toxic?

A

No they are very toxic and poisonous

48
Q

Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?

A

It binds with the haemoglobin instead of oxygen so you cant carry as much oxygen to your body

49
Q

What are the three main pollutants from vehicle exhausts?

A

Nitrogen oxides, unburned hydro carbons and sulphur dioxide

50
Q

What can be used in cars to remove pollutants from the exhaust fumes?

A

Catalytic converters

51
Q

What is acid rain caused by?

A

When you burn fossil fuels containing sulphur impurities, the sulphur burns to form sulphur dioxide gas which enters the atmosphere, dissolves in moisture and forms sulphuric acid which is acid rain

52
Q

What are three bad effects of acid rain?

A

Destroys trees, corrodes buildings and kills fish in lakes

53
Q

What process can be used to removes sulphur dioxide from power station fumes?

A

flue-gas desulfurization

54
Q

Describe how burning fossil fuels causing global warming?

A

Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gases stop the heat from the sun escaping back into space
Causing the greenhouse effect - increasing the temperature
Causing global warming

55
Q

What does flue-gas desulfurization use to remove the sulphur dioxide from the fumes?

A

Calcium oxide

56
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Electromagnetic radiation from the sun reaches the earth and is absorbed, the earth re admits it as infrared radiation. Gases in the troposphere absorb some of this infrared radiation and re emit it in all directions including back towards the earth. This is the greenhouse effect

57
Q

What are the three main greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane

AS Chemistry - Unit 1 (4 decks)

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