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Biology > Unit 1- Section 1 Disease And Immunity > Flashcards

Unit 1- Section 1 Disease And Immunity Flashcards

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0
Q

What are infectious diseases caused by?

A

Pathogens eg. Bacteria and viruses

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1
Q

What can diseases be classed as?

A

Infectious or non-infectious

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2
Q

What are non-infectious diseases caused by?

A

The body malfunctioning or lifestyle or the environment

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3
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Anything that increases the chance of getting a disease

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4
Q

What are two diseases affected by lifestyle?

A

Cancer and coronary heart disease

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5
Q

What are the lifestyle factors that increase the risk factor of coronary heart disease?

A

Poor diet
Smoking
Lack of exercise

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6
Q

What are the lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of developing cancer?

A

Smoking
Excessive exposure to sunlight
Excessive alcohol intake

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7
Q

How can you reduce the risk of developing cancer and coronary heart disease?

A

Change your lifestyle, for example, eat healthier, more exercise, stop smoking and drinking alcohol, reduce sunlight exposure

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8
Q

When interpreting data about lifestyle and risks of a disease what could the data show?

A

Correlation between the incidence of the disease and the risk factors

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9
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any type of organism that causes disease

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10
Q

What are 3 examples of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, viruses and fungi

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11
Q

Examples of viruses are?

A

HIV
Influenza
Herpes

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12
Q

Examples of bacteria?

A

Vibrio cholerae

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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13
Q

Examples of fungi

A

Athletes foot

Thrush

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14
Q

Three ways pathogens can enter the body

A

Gas exchange system
Skin
Digestive system

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15
Q

How can pathogens enter the body through the gas exchange system?

A

When you breathe them in they will be trapped in the mucus lining epithelium. Some of the pathogens will reach the alveolus sacs and then can invade cells and cause damage

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16
Q

How can pathogens enter the body via skin?

A

If you damage your skin so that your body is open, pathogens can get into your blood stream. Your body will try and form a scab/blood clot to prevent them getting in but if this does not happen quick enough then the pathogens will enter

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17
Q

How can pathogens enter the body via the digestive system?

A

If you eat or drink something that contains pathogens,they will enter your body. Most of them will be killed by the hydrochloric acid in your stomach but some may survive. They will then enter your intestines where they can invade cells and cause damage.

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18
Q

How can pathogens cause disease?

A 
Produce toxins 
Damage host cells 
Breaks down the nutrients in the cell 
Ruptures cell
Replicates in the cell causing them to rupture
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19
Q

How does a pathogen activate the immune response?

A

The molecules/antigens on the cell surface are seen as foreign so initiate the immune response

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20
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule found on the surface off a cell that triggers/initiates the immune response

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21
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis(engulfment) of pathogens)

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22
Q

Where are phagocytes found?

A

I’m the blood and tissues. They are the first to respond to a pathogen In the body

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23
Q

How to phagocytes work?

A

1) recognises the antigens on the pathogen
2) the cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves around the pathogen and engulfs it
3) the pathogen is now contained in a phagocytic vacuole
4) lysosomes are produced inside the vacuole to break down and destroy the pathogen
5) the phagocyte then presents the antigens from the pathogen on its surface to activate other immune system cells

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24
Q

What are the four stages of the immune response in order?

A

1) phagocytosis
2) T-cell activation
3) B-cell activation and plasma cell formations
4) antibody production

25
Q

What is T-cell activation and what does it do?

A

T-cells are another form of white blood cells
They have proteins on the surface that bind to antigens presented to it by phagocytes
This activates the T-cell
Different types of T-cells respond in different ways

26
Q

What are the two different ways T-cells respond once activated?

A

Some release substances to activate B-cells

Some attach to antigens on the pathogen and kill the cell

27
Q

What is B-cell activation?

A

B-cells are also another type of white blood cell
They are covered in antibodies
Each B-cell has a different shaped antibody on its membrane so it binds to different shaped antigens

28
Q

What is an antibody?

A

They are proteins that bind antigens to form antigen-antibody complex

29
Q

How are plasma cells formed?

A

When the antibody on the surface of a B-cell meets a complementary shaped antigen, it binds to it
This together with the substances released by T-cells activates the B-cells. The activated B-cell then divides by mitosis to produce many more B-cells called plasma cells

30
Q

What is antibody production?

A

The plasma cells are identical to the B-cells (they are clones)
They secrete lots of antibodies that are specific to the antigen

31
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Coat the pathogen so it makes it easier for the phagocyte to engulf it
Coat the pathogen to prevent it invading host cells
Bind to it and neutralise the toxins produced by the pathogen so it is now inactive

32
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A

They are proteins

Made up of chains of amino acid monomers linked my peptide bonds

33
Q

What does the specificity of the antibody depend on?

A

Variable regions

Each antibody has a different shaped variable region (due to different amino acid sequences) that is complementary to one specific antigen.

34
Q

What part of an antibody is the same in every one?

A

Constant regions

35
Q

What is the cellular response?

A

The T-cells form the cellular response

36
Q

What forms the humoral response?

A

b-cells and the formation of antibodies from the humoral response

37
Q

What two responses are needed to remove a pathogen from the body?

A

Cellular and humoral

Then interact with each other, for example, the t-cells stimulate the production of b-cells

38
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

When an antigen enters the body for the first time it activates the Immune system, this is called the primary response.
The primary response is slow because there aren’t many b-cells to bind to the antigen
Eventually the body will produce enough of the right antibodies to overcome the infection, meanwhile the person will experience symptoms of the disease
After being exposed to the antigen, both t-cells and b-cells produce memory cells. These memory cells will stay in the body for a very long time and will remember specific antigens so will bind to them the second time the antigen enters the body. The person is now immune and the persons immune system can respond quickly to the antigen so they do not experience symptoms of the disease.

39
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

If the same pathogen enters the body again then the immune system will produce a much quicker and stronger Immune response-the secondary response. Memory b-cells divide into plasma cells to produce the correct antibody for the antigen. Memory t-cells also divide into the correct t-cells to kill the cell carrying the antigen. The secondary response destroys the pathogens before the person experiences symptoms of the disease

40
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A vaccine is a dead or inactive pathogen that is entered into the body to trigger the immune response.

41
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccines contain antigens that cause your body to produce ,Emory cells against a specific pathogen, without the pathogen causing disease

This means you become immune without developing any of the symptoms

42
Q

Why are vaccines used?

A

They protect individuals of the disease and also reduce the occurrence of the disease, those who are not vaccinated are also less likely to catch the diseases because there are fewer people to catch it from. This is called HERD IMMUNITY

43
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Less people are likely to catch a disease if lots of people have been vaccinated because there are less people to catch it from

44
Q

How are vaccines taken?

A

Injected or orally

45
Q

What do vaccines always contain?

A

Antigens, they may me free or attached to a dead or weakened pathogen

46
Q

Disadvantages of a vaccine are?

A

Could be broken down by enzymes in the gut

Molecules of vaccine may be too big to be absorbed into the blood

47
Q

When are booster vaccines given?

A

Later, several years, to make sure more memory cells are produced

48
Q

What are the ethical issues surrounding the use of vaccines?

A

Tested on animals before

Animal based substances may be used in the vaccine

49
Q

Why can testing vaccines on humans be risky?

A

Volunteers may put them self at unnecessary risk of contracting the disease because they think they are fully protected

50
Q

Why do some people not want to take vaccines?

A

Risk of side effects, they are still fairly protected because of herd immunity

51
Q

What is antigenic variation?

A

Where pathogens change their antigens

52
Q

What happens during antigenic variation?

A

Different antigens are formed on the pathogen due to genes mutating

53
Q

How does the immune system respond when antigenic variation has occurred?

A

It does not recognise the antigens on the surface of the pathogen because they have changed, this means that the immune system has to start from the primary response which is why you get sick again

54
Q

Why does antigenic variation make it difficult for scientists to develop vaccines?

A

This is because the immune system does not recognise the new antigens so therefore the primary Immune response starts again

55
Q

What is an example of antigenic variation?

A

Influenza virus

56
Q

Explain how the influenza virus goes through antigenic variation

A

The antigens on the surface are constantly changing. Memory cells produced for the first infection of flu will not recognise the pathogen again because of the changed antigens so therefore will not trigger the secondary immune response. You have to go through the primary response again which means you develop the symptoms again which a new strain of the virus

57
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single group of genetically identical B-cells (plasma cells). This means they are all identical in structure. You can make monoclonal antibodies to bind with anything you want.

An example is in pregnancy tests and anti-cancer drugs

58
Q

What are the ethical issues surrounding monoclonal antibodies?

A

Animal rights issues as animals are used to produce the cells from which the monoclonal antibodies are produced.

59
Q

How do scientists validate new knowledge about vaccines and antibodies?

A

Other scientists must repeat the study to make sure the results are reproducible, or they must conduct other studies to try and prove the same study

Biology (13 decks)

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