Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards
Who helped separate psychology from physiology and philosophy?
Wilhelm Wundt: father of psychology, German philosopher, physician, and professor
Who brought Wundt’s ideas to America and created structuralism?
Edward Titchner
What is structuralism?
study of conscious experience by breaking it down into basic structures using the idea of “introspection”
What is introspection?
required people to report their conscious experience; failed because the responses were to subjective because it is impossible to give a play by play of your current subconscious thoughts
Who created the first psychological laboratory in the USA? He was also the first president of the APA.
G. Stanley Hall
Who created the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin
Who came up with the idea of functionalism? He also wrote the first psychology textbook “Principles of Psychology”
William James: American philosopher, physician, and professor at Harvard
What is functionalism?
function of consciousness is an evolutionary adaption to environment that made it possible for humans to adapt
Who was the first female president of the APA? She also founded one of the first psychology labs at Wellesley College
Mary Whiton Calkins: was an unofficial student of William James at Harvard
Who was the first woman to be granted her PhD in psychology? She also wrote the book “The Animal Mind” and was the second female president of the APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
She investigated the living conditions of poor people with mental illnesses, and her work led to the first mental asylum in USA.
Dorothea Dix
Who created Gestalt psychology?
Max Wertheimer
What is Gestalt psychology?
Studying human thoughts and behaviors separately and trying to examine a whole experience.
What type of approach is this?
Created by Sigmund Freud; it was believed that the best treatment is to talk things out; emphasis on the unconscious mind
Psychoanalytic
Id: wants and desires
Superego: leads us to do what is right
Ego: get what one wants but does what is right
Freud’s idea of the three parts to personalities
What type of approach is this?
Created by John Watson; focused on observable behavior; responses that produced a satisfying effect will likely be repeated and vice versa (stimulus and response)
Behavioral
What experiment showed that paired association (classical conditioning) can condition fear in children? What type of approach is this?
Little Albert experiment; behavioral
What type of approach is this?
When dogs were brought their food a bell would be rung. Using associated pairing the dogs would salivate anytime they would hear a bell.
Behavioral
Who believed that people had no free will, that behavior should be studied objectively using science, and that humans basically operated like robots?
B.F. Skinner
What type of approach is this?
Harry Harlow studied primates to learn using this approach, and Jean Piaget studied children’s development using this approach. It is involved with the internal function driving human behavior.
Cognitive
What type of approach is this?
Focuses on a person’s future not past; believed people have free will and are responsible for their actions; the belief that people do the things they do because they are just trying to reach their full potential.
Humanistic
- self-actualization / achieving full potential
- esteem needs / feeling accomplised
- belongingness and love needs / friends and family
- safety needs
- physiological needs / basics like food, water, sleep
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
What type of approach is this?
Emphasis on culture, religion, ethnicity, gender, income level, and overall environment.
Sociocultural
What type of approach is this?
Focuses on genetics, the nervous system, hormones, brain structure, etc. Looks at factors in the brain that may lack function
Biological
What type of approach is this?
Focused on thoughts and behaviors changing over the course of time. Comes from Charles Darwin’s theory.
Evolutionary
What type of approach is this?
Looks at the patient as a whole and tries to observe the biological aspects, personality, and social influence.
Biopsychosocial
Works face to face with patients
applied psychologists
works in labs and works to increase knowledge in the field
basic psychologists
What type of studying method is this?
-observes subjects in their natural environment
-subjects are not aware that they are being observed
naturalistic
What type of studying method is this?
-looking at relationships between two variables
-no manipulation of variables
Correlation
as one variable moves up so does the other; as one variable moves down so does the other
positive relationship
as one variable goes up, the other one goes down
negative relationship
one variable could cause two variables to move up or down
third variable problem
What type of studying method is this?
-research method looking for cause and effect
-results have to be measurable
experimental
What type of studying method is this?
-collects info about perceptions, opinions, and outlooks
-sometimes only people with extreme opinions respond and this can skew results
survey
What type of studying method is this?
-in-depth study on one specific subject
-involves numerous amounts of testing methods
-looking for patterns and causes of behavior
case study
What type of studying method is this?
-studying individuals at different points in their lifetime
-panel studies, cohort studies, retroactive research
longitudinal
What type of studying method is this?
-analyzes common characteristics in a population at a certain time
-often used by businesses to find who to sell their products to
cross sectional
What is a control group?
the group that is not receiving treatments
What is a confounding variable?
factors that may interfere that are not intended
randomly picking participants to get an overall view of a population
random selection
randomly designating participants to either the control group, independent group, dependent group, etc.
random assignment
tendency to believe that something was coming after it happened; the thought that you should have seen it coming
hindsight bias
When you think you know more than you actually do
Overconfidence
when your brain is trying to find a pattern in something that is completely random
perceiving order in random events
Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic studies are what kind of research methods?
descriptive
a scatter plot is used in what kind of research method?
correlation
two types of statistics
descriptive and inferential
numerical data used to measure/describe characteristics of groups (describes the data)
descriptive statistics
provides a way to see validity drawn from the results of the experiment (what the data means)
inferential statistics
how well two variables are related
correlation coefficient
the closer to -1 the correlation coefficient is..
the more significant the negative correlation is
the closer to +1 the correlation coefficient is..
the more significant the positive correlation is
as one variable increases the other increases
positive correlation
as one variable increases the other variable decreases
negative correlation
no connection/ correlation
illusory
how much the data varies up and down from its average
standard deviation
a break down on how the scores fall along the graph; how frequent a specific variable might be
frequency distribution
68% of the population falls between the 1 standard deviation
95% of the population falls between the 2 standard deviation
99% of the population falls between the 3 standard deviation
(rule for a bell curve)
68-95-99 rule
all institutions that conduct research must have a meeting to review the study being done with the…
Institutional Review Board
APA has set ethical guidelines for research
and congress passed the ________ in 1974
National Research Act
misleading participants about the nature of the experiment (has to be approved by the IRB)
deception
protection of private information (cannot share names or other personal info)
confidentiality and anonymity
research being done using animals has to meet with…
Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC)
and Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CARE)
values that represent categories that cannot be further divided (things you can count; like persons)
discrete data
Nominal and ordinal scales are what type of data?
discrete data
data you can measure rather than count (height, weight, temperature)
continuous data
interval and ratio scale is what type of data?
continuous
what type of scale is this?
labels categories of data, counts how many responses are given or how many people fall into a category
nominal scale
what type of scale is this?
data that can be in rank order, can say that one value is more or less than another
ordinal scale
what type of scale is this?
represents data that can be placed in rank order and have equal measurements between values, has no true zero
interval scale
what type of scale is this?
equal values between measurements, has a true zero point
ratio scale
