Unit 1 Revision Flashcards
What are phonemes?
The smallest units of sound in a language that help to distinguish one word from another.
What are the 3 processes/stages involved in memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What is the biggest criticism of Piaget’s work/theory?
That the ages he gave for children’s thinking are inaccurate.
That he underestimated children’s level of thinking.
That he did not use tasks that made sense to children and linked to their experiences
give an example of a task that could be used to help children learn through discovery?
using containers and water to find out about the properties of water
using containers and sand to find out about the properties of sand
What is egocentrism?
When children see things from their own perspective so their logic is different to that of an adult.
What is the definition of growth?
An increase in physical size, starting with muscular control and development of co-ordination of balance
What are the 5 areas of development?
Physical Language Social Emotional Cognitive
What are Piget’s 4 universal stages of cognitive development? (and the ages the relate to)
1) sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2) pre-operational (2-7 years)
3) concrete operational (7-11 years)
4) formal operational (11-15 years)
What are neurons?
Brain cells
What is a key person?
Someone with a strong relationship with a child.
Every child in early years settings are required to have a key person.
What are the 6 parts of Brofenbrenner’s bio-ecological systems theory?
1) individualised child
2) microsystem
3) mesosystem
4) exosystem
5) macrosystem
6) chronosystem
What is myelin?
The substance that covers axons/nerve cells to help the signal transmit faster
What is a limitation of Ainsworth’s theory?
1) The results cannot be applied to father-child as the study was done on the mother-child bond.
2) It lacks validity as the study was done with American women so other countries might have different attachments.
What are the 5 main features of Bowlby’s theory of attachment?
1) Monotropy - 1 main attachment.
2) Critical period - Before 1 year-first 4 years. Prolonged separation - psychological damage.
3) Children need parenting - consistent support.
4) Show distress when separated
5) Internal working models
What fine motor skills can a child be able to achieve at 2 years?
- Can draw circles and dots
- Can use a spoon effectively
- Can put on straight forward items of clothing such as shoes but may be on wrong feet.
What is the potential impact of a delay in language development of a child?
Not being able to communicate can affect a child’s emotional development as they cannot express feelings and relate to others.
This can lead to low self esteem and lack of involvement in activities therefore affecting holistic development.
According to Schaffer and Emerson, what are the ages/stages ofattachment?
0-6 weeks - Asocial
6weeks - 7 months - specific attachment
10+ months - multiple attachment
What are the similarities and differences between Schaffer and Emerson and Bowlby’s theories?
Similarities: Both categorised behaviour. Both identified attention seeking behaviour.
Differences: The setting - S&E visited babies at home.
Bowlby was influenced by Lorenz.
S&E repeated their study.
S&E relied on parents diaries,
What is Skinner’s theory of opperant conditioning
That the environment operates and influences a child’s learning.
Learning occurs through behaviour, after being given 2 types of reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement encourages the child to repeat the wanted behaviours.
What were Bronfenbrenner’s 5 different stages of the ecological system theory?
Explain each stage/system.
Microsystem: settings a child has a strong connection to.
Mesosystem: 2 microsystems come together.
Exosystem: 1 step beyond immediate experiences but have influences.
Macrosystem: influences other systems but is out of control.
Chronosystem: provides a history of society and a childs life.
How did Piaget show that children think differently from adults?
He believed children develop schemas based on direct experiences.
Whose theory includes a microsystem?
Give 4 examples of a microsystem setting?
1) Bronfenbrenner
2) home, early years setting, a club, relatives home
What are the features of a neuron?
Soma (cell body) Dendrites Nucleus Myelin sheath Axon Axon terminals Synapse Dendrites of another neuron
What is Piaget’s schema theory?
Assimilation - child constructs a theory
Equilibrium - child experiences fits the schema
Disequilibrium - an experience that doesn’t add up with the child’s experience
Accommodation - the child changes the original schema to fit the new experience
What are the features of the formal operations stage of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
11-15 years approx.
Ability to think and manipulate ideas abstractly (calculate mentally)
Start of deductive logic
