Unit 1 Respiratory Flashcards
Which muscles tense and relax the vocal cords? Which muscles abduct and adduct the vocal cords?
Which muscles abduct and adduct the vocal cords?
Describe the sensory innervation of the upper airway.
How does reccurent laryngeal nerve injury affect the integrity of the airway?
How does superior laryngeal nerve injury affect the integrity of the airway?
Name 3 airway blocks, and identify the key landmarks for each one.
What are the 3 paired and 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
What is the treatment for laryngospasm?
Describe how the respiratory muscles function during the breathing cycle.
What is the difference between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation?
Define the 4 types of dead space.
Provide an example for each type of dead space.
What does the alveolar compliance curve tell you?
What does the V/Q ratio represent?
Define the West Zones of the lung
Recite the alveolar gas equation
What is the A-a gradient, and what factors affect it?
List the 5 causes of hypoxemia? Which ones are reversed with supplemental oxygen?
Define the 5 lung volumes, and give reference values for each.
Define the capacities, and give reference values for each
What factors influence FRC?
Why can’t spirometry measure FRC?
What tests can measure FRC?
What is closing volume, and what increases it?
State the equation and normal value for oxygen carrying capacity.
State the equation and normal value for oxygen delivery
Discuss the factors that alter the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve tells us how hgb binds to oxygen.
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Describe the Bohr effect
Describe the Haldane effect
List the 3 primary causes of hypercapnia, and provide examples of each
Describe the 4 areas in the respiratory center
Contrast the location and function of the central and peripheral chemoreceptors
Which reflex prevents overinflation of the lungs?
Hering-Breuer inflation reflex
What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?
What things impair HPV, and what is the consequence of this?
What does the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide tell us?
How is tabacco smoke harmful?
Describe the short and intermediate term benefits of smoking cessation.
Compare and contrast pulmonary function tests in obstructive vs restrictive lung disease
Discuss the following pulmonary flow-volume loops: normal, obstructive, and fixed obstruction
Give an example of a disease that produces the following pulmonary flow-volume loops: obstructive, restrictive, and fixed obstruction.
What is the treatment for acute bronchospasm?
What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Describe the goals and strategies for mechanical ventilation in the patient with COPD
Define restrictive lung disease
Give examples of intrinsic lung disease (acute and chronic)
Give examples of extrinsic lung disease (acute and chronic)
List the risk factors for aspiration pneumonitis
Describe the pharmacologic prophylaxis of aspiration pneumonits
What is Mendelson’s syndrome?
Describe the treatment of aspiration
Discuss the pathophysiology and treatment of flail chest
Define pulmonary hypertension, and discuss the goals of anesthetic management
Discuss the pathophysiology of carbon monoxide poisoning
Discuss the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning
List the absolute and relative indications to one-lung ventilation
Discuss how anesthesia in the lateral decubitis position affects the V/Q relationship
Discuss the management of hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation
What is mediastinoscopy, and why is it performed?
What are the potential complications of mediastinoscopy? What is the most common?
Describe the Mallampati score
Describe the inter-incisor gap. What is normal?
What is the thyromental distance, and what values suggest an increased risk of difficult intubation?
What is the mandibular protrusion test, and what values suggest an increased risk of difficult intubation?
What conditions impair the atlanto-occipital mobility?
Describe the Cormack and Lehanne score
List 5 factors for difficult mask ventilation
List 10 risk factors for difficult tracheal intubation
List 6 risk factors for difficult supraglottic device placement
List 5 risk factors for difficult invasive airway placement
What is angioedema?
What are two common causes of angioedema? What is the treatment for each?
What is Ludwig’s angina?
What is the best way to secure the airway in a patient with Ludwig’s angina?
Describe the Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration
List the 4 types of oropharyngeal airways. Which are best suited for fiberoptic intubation?
When is the best time to use an Eschmann introducer?
When is a nasopharyngeal airway contraindicated?
Contrast the maximum recommended cuff pressure for an endotracheal tube vs LMA
Contrast the maximum recommended peak inspiratory pressures for an LMA-Unique vs LMA-Proseal vs LMA-Supreme
What is the largest size endotracheal tube that can be passed through each LMA size?
List 6 indications for the Bullard laryngoscope
Describe the proper placement of the lighted stylet.
List 5 indications for the use of a bronchial blocker
How can the lumen of the bronchial blocker be used during one lung ventilation?
List 2 indications for retrograde intubation
Compare and contrast the benefits of awake vs deep extubation
When is the best time to use an airway exchange catheter, and what can you do with it?
