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Science > Unit- 1 Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit- 1 Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List 2 types of reproduction

A

Asexual and sexual

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2
Q

What is the purpose of reproduction?

A

To make sure a species can continue

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3
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Reproduction is the process of which an organism creates others of its same kind

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4
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Is when a new organism (sometimes more than one) is produced from ONE organism

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5
Q

What are the basics of asexual reproduction?

A
  • is the simplest for of reproduction
  • occurs in plants, simple animals, bacteria, and protists
  • requires on parent
  • is more reliable than sexual reproduction
  • doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation
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6
Q

What are the 3 types of asexual reproductions?

A
  1. Budding
  2. Regeneration
  3. Fusion ( binary fission)
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7
Q

What is budding?

A

A process in which a new duplicate plant or animal begins to form on the outside of the parent and enlarges until a individual is created

Examples: yeast and hydra

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8
Q

What is regeneration?

A

The ability to restore lost or damaged tissue, organs, and limbs

Common feature in invertebrates like star fish and worms no vertebrates have this ability

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9
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Is when organisms divide in half creating two daughter cells half the size of the parents until the daughter cells grow and divide too

Ex: bacteria

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10
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction is when the egg and sperm join to form a entirely new organism

Sexual reproduction requires two sex cells a egg and sperm and is different from the parent organism

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11
Q

What are the two types of sexual reproduction?

A

Eternal fertilization and internal fertilization

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12
Q

What does external fertilization mean?

A

A sperm cell unties with a egg cell in the open rather than inside specialized organs within the bodies of the parents

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13
Q

What does internal fertilization mean?

A

Takes place inside the female after insemination through copulation

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14
Q

What are some examples of both internal and external fertilization?

A

Internal : most often in land animals but some aquatic animals use this method ex: mammals,birds, and most amphibians

External: nearly all fish, crustaceans squid,mollusks, and echinoderms

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15
Q

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction result in off spring identical to the parent while as sexual reproduction results in Spring that is genetically different from the parent organism

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16
Q

List 3 advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. Easy and fast to grow ( grow population quickly )
  2. No energy spent attracting a mate, creating gametes, raising young
  3. Great in a stable environment
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17
Q

List 2 disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. Lack of genetic diversity mutations stick around

2. Not able to survive changing environments

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18
Q

List 2 advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Genetic diversity that allows for evolution

2. More likely to survive changing environments

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19
Q

List 2 disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Population does not grow as fast

2. A lot of energy spent in attracting mates, creating gametes, and raising young

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20
Q

What are the basic building blocks of life?

A

Both plants and animals are made up of cells these cells contain many of the same organelles but their are differences

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21
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Plant cells have cell walls: they are rigid frames around the cell that provide strength, protection, and support

They have membranes

22
Q

What is chloroplast?

A

Plant cells have chloroplast which contains the substance chlorophyl which uses solar energy to preform photosynthesis

Chloroplast contains stacks, of grana, of little sacs called thylakoids

23
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Although both plants and animals have a vacuole the plant cell has a larger central vacuole that stores water for the cell

24
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A

The factories of the cell

25
Q

Why do cells in plants and animals have to divide?

A
  1. To replace damaged tissue
  2. To increase in size
  3. To reproduce
26
Q

What does repair mean?

A

It means cells are constantly repairing themselves if a cell can be repaired new ones are produced to replace the void

27
Q

What does growth mean?

A

Growth is also what creates our size

as we grow cells are constantly reproducing

If the reproduction rate is faster that normal we grow

28
Q

What does the DNA look like inside the nucleus of a cell?

A

When the cell is not dividing the DNA looks like a tangled up mass called the chromatin

29
Q

How do cells divide?

A

They divide using the cell cycle

30
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

On orderly sequence of events in which cells divide

31
Q

What are the 2 major phases the cell cycle consists of?

A

Interphase 90% of the time

Mitotic phase 10% of the time

32
Q

Cells that reproduce daily have a cell cycle that lasts how long?

A

10 to 20 hours

33
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Interphase is the phase when the cell prepares to divide

34
Q

What is the mitotic phase?

A

The division phase of the cell made up of two parts mitosis and cytokinesis

35
Q

What is mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

Mitosis- the division of a cells nucleus and DNA into two equal parts

Cytokinesis- the division of the cells Cytoplasm

36
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a compacted piece of chromatin that is used for cell division. Contains genetic information in the form of DNA.

37
Q

What is sister chromatids?

A

A pair of identical chromosomes

38
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The center section where the sister chromatids are connected

39
Q

What does PMAT mean?

A

Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

40
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Sister chromatids are formed

The spindle fibres begin to form

Nuclear envelope breaks down

41
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Sister chromatids line up

Spindle is formed and attracting to chromosomes

42
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Separations of sister chromatids

Spindle pulls Chromosomes to the end of the cell

43
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Spindle breaks down

Nuclear envelopes form

Chromosomes loosen to become chromatin

44
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A piece of coiled DNA

45
Q

How many chromosomes do human cells have?

A

46 in none sex cells

46
Q

Do ALL humans have the same number of chromosomes in their cells?

A

YES! (Except people with genetic disorders causing extra chromosomes or
missing chromosomes)

47
Q

Where did the 46 chromosomes come from?

A

the egg and sperm cells only have half the number of chromosomes, so when they combine they have the full 46.

48
Q

So sex cells have how many chromosomes?

A

23 chromosomes

49
Q

How are sex cells formed if we only have 23 chromosomes?

A

Through a process called Meiosis

50
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Mitosis results in…
Two IDENTICAL daughter cells—no genetic
diversity

Meiosis results in…
FOUR daughter cells—that are different from parent cells, resulting in genetic diversity

Science (4 decks)

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