Unit 1 Quiz

Question 1

single ancestral species and all descendants

Answer 1

Monophyletic

Question 2

do not include the most recent common ancestor of all the members of the group

Answer 2

Polyphyletic

Question 3

include some, but not all, descendants of a most recent common ancestor

Answer 3

Paraphyletic

Question 4

the least complex tissue-level organization, body parts are organized into layers derived from two embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, endoderm) in-between these two layers lies the mesoglea

Answer 4

Diploblastic

Question 5

the outer embryological tissue layer, gives rise to skin epidermis, glands, hair, and nervous tissues in some animals

Answer 5

Ectoderm

Question 6

the innermost embryological tissue layer, gives rise to inner linings of the gut tract, digestive gland, and the inner lining of the respiratory system

Answer 6

Endoderm

Question 7

animals whose body parts are organized into layers that are derived embryologically from three tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

Answer 7

Triploblastic

Question 8

the embryonic tissue that gives rise to tissues between the ectoderm and endoderm (e.g. muscle, skeletal tissues, and excretory structures)

Answer 8

Mesoderm

Question 9

triploblastic animals whose mesodermally derived tissues form a relatively solid mass of cells between ectodermally and endodermally derived tissues; mesoderm forms solid mass

Answer 9

Acoelomate

Question 10

a body cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm; gut is not associated with muscle or connective tissue; body cavity not entirely lined by mesoderm

Answer 10

Pseudocoelom

Question 11

body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm; mesenteries suspend visceral structures in body cavity

Answer 11

Coelomate

Question 12

the end opposite the mouth of a radially symmetrical animal

Answer 12

Aboral

Question 13

the end containing the mouth of a radially symmetrical animal

Answer 13

Oral

Question 14

the tail end

Answer 14

Posterior

Question 15

the head end: usually the end of a bilateral animal

Answer 15

Anterior

Question 16

toward the tail

Answer 16

Caudal

Question 17

toward the head

Answer 17

Cephalic

Question 18

away from the point of attachment of a structure on the body

Answer 18

Distal

Question 19

toward the point of attachment of a structure on the body

Answer 19

Proximal

Question 20

the back of an animal

Answer 20

Dorsal

Question 21

the belly of an animal; usually the lower surface

Answer 21

Ventral

Question 22

below a point of reference

Answer 22

Inferior

Question 23

above a point of reference

Answer 23

Superior

Question 24

away from the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images

Answer 24

Lateral

Question 25

on or near the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images

Answer 25

Medial

Question 26

the absence of a central point or axis around which body parts are evenly distributed

Answer 26

Asymmetry

Question 27

the arrangement of body parts such that any plane passing through the central oral-aboral axis divides the animal into mirror images

Answer 27

Radial Symmetry

Question 28

the arrangement of body parts such that a single plane, passing between the upper and lower surfaces and through the longitudinal axis of the animal, divides the animal into left and right mirror images

Answer 28

Bilateral Symmetry

Question 29

study the kinds and diversity of organisms and of the evolutionary relationships among them

Answer 29

Systematics/Taxonomy

Question 30

evolutionary relationships among species; a description of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms and is usually depicted using tree diagrams

Answer 30

Phylogeny

Question 31

any grouping of animals that shares a particular set of characteristics

Answer 31

Taxon

Question 32

an ancestral trait shared by all members in a group

Answer 32

Symplesiomorphy

Question 33

a related group that is not being used in the study group

Answer 33

Outgroup

Question 34

derived characters shared by members of a group

Answer 34

Synapomorphy

Question 35

depicts a sequence in the origin of derived character states

Answer 35

Cladogram

Question 36

a related subset within a lineage or cladogram

Answer 36

Clade

Question 37

cladograms represent nested groups that share synapomorphic characters; the less inclusive, the more closely the species are related

Answer 37

Hierarchical nesting

Question 38

occurs when a heritable change in phenotype increases an animal’s chances of successful reproduction; perpetuated by natural selection

Answer 38

Adaptation

Question 39

change in frequency of alleles in a population over time

Answer 39

Micro-evolution

Question 40

large-scale changes that result in the extinction and formation of new species

Answer 40

Macro-evolution

Question 41

the study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals

Answer 41

Biogeography

Question 42

evolution of superficially similar structures in unrelated organisms

Answer 42

Convergent Evolution

Question 43

resemblance that occurs because of common ancestry

Answer 43

Homology

Question 44

study of the structure of living and fossilized animals and homologies that indicate evolutionarily close relationships

Answer 44

Comparative Anatomy

Question 45

a structure that serves no important function to the animal; evolved from functioning structures in ancestors

Answer 45

Vestigial Structures

Question 46

evolutionary connections

Answer 46

Branches

Question 47

branch points; genes, populations, or species where a change occurs

Answer 47

Nodes