Unit 1 Populations Test

Question 1

Birth rate

Answer 1

of births year/ total population x 100

Question 2

Population change

Answer 2

births + immigration – deaths + emigration

Question 3

Death rate

Answer 3

of deaths per year/ total population x 100

Question 4

Zero population growth (ZPG)

Answer 4

BR=DR

Question 5

crude birth rate

Answer 5

of births per year/ 1000 people x 100

Question 6

crude death rate

Answer 6

of deaths per year/ 1000 people x 100

Question 7

crude infant mortality rate/child mortality rate

Answer 7

of deaths of infants or children/ 1000 live births x 100

Question 8

Countries that are “developing” tend to have high infant and child mortality rates because of..

Answer 8

Inadequate access to food, clean water, and health care.

Question 9

Replacement level fertility

Answer 9

the fertility rate required for the population to remain a constant size = 2.1

Question 10

Expanding rapidly

Answer 10

a.k.a “the pyramid shaped” diagram
The pre-reproductive age group represents the greatest % of the population (lots of kids)
The TFR is high BUT these kids are not surviving to adulthood
Exponential growth will take place

Question 11

Age structure diagrams

Answer 11

Pre-reproductive (0-14 years)
Reproductive (15-44 kids)
Post reproductive (45 and up)

Question 12

Expanding slowly

Answer 12

The base is less wide on the triangle so fewer people are born but more people live longer. The pre-reproductive group still represents the largest proportion of the population (growth is slower than pyramid)

Question 13

Stable

Answer 13

A.k.a the “column” diagram
The proportions of each level remain constant.
Replacement level fertility is 2.1
ex. Sweden, Norway, Finland

Question 14

Declining

Answer 14

A.k.a the “inverted pyramid” The base is smaller than the top which means more people are dying and less are being born. Post-reproductive age group is the largest. Birth rate below replacement level fertility rate (ex. Japan)

Question 15

Stage 1: Pre-industrial phase

Answer 15

Birth rate and death rate are very high and equal to each other
Total population remains constant (ZPG)
Currently, there is no country found in this stage

Question 16

Stage 2: Transitional

Answer 16

BR stays high and DR drops dramatically
Total population grows exponentially because of…
Improved access to clean water, food, and healthcare
LESS PEOPLE ARE DYING

Question 17

Stage 3: Industrial

Answer 17

BR starts to decline
DR continues to drop, but at a slower rate
Total population continues to grow, but the rate slows down because of…
Women are attending school for longer and they now play a role in society by having jobs. Also, children are not needed for labor.
TFR DECLINES

Question 18

Stage 4: Post- industrial

Answer 18

BR & DR are at their lowest points and equal to one another
Total population approaches ZPG
Higher proportion of post-productive age cohort = less workers and less kids

Question 19

Thomas Malthus
(1768-1834)

Answer 19

Economist, mathematician, and known as a founder of population studies in England

Question 20

Density-dependent factors:

Answer 20

Food, water, shelter, competition, number of mates and predation

Question 21

Density-independent factors:

Answer 21

climate change and natural disaster

Question 22

POPULATION OSCILLATIONS

Answer 22

Some populations experience recurring cycles of overshoots and die-offs that lead to a pattern of oscillations around the carrying capacity of the environment.

Question 23

K-selected species tend to exhibit which type of curve?

Answer 23

Type 1

Question 24

r-selected species tend to exhibit which type of curve?

Answer 24

Type 3

Question 25

“Generalists”

Answer 25

These are species that tend to be advantaged in habitats that are changing
(r-selected species)

Question 26

“Specialists”

Answer 26

These are species that tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant
(k-selected species)

Question 27

How should invasive species be classified - generalists or specialists? Why?

Answer 27

R since they thrive in changing habitats

Question 28

How should endangered species be classified - generalists or specialists? Why?

Answer 28

K since they only thrive in constant habitats

Question 29

Population Density:

Answer 29

of people/ area

Question 30

Birth or Death Rates: *expressed as a %

Answer 30

BR= (# births/total population) * 100
DR= (# deaths/ total population) * 100

Question 31

Population Growth Rate (r):
*expressed as a %

Answer 31

r=BR-DR

Question 32

Annual Growth Rate (r):
(given crude BR & crude DR):
*expressed as a %

Answer 32

r = [CBR-CDR/1000] * 100
Don’t forget to include immigration and emigration (sometimes combined as “net migration”)

Question 33

Doubling Time (dt)

Answer 33

Time (in years) it takes for a population to double (assuming that the growth rate, “r” remains constant)
Formula:
dt= 70/r
*keep “r” as a %