Unit 1 Populations In Transition Flashcards
What is carrying capacity?
The number of people that the world’s resources can support using the technology that exists at the time.
What is “Birth rate”
The number of births in a country for every thousand people in the population. Over 30 considered high, less than 15 considered low.
(#of babies born/population x 1000)
What is “death rate”?
Number of deaths in a country for every thousand people in the population. Over 30 is high, under 15 is low. (#of deaths/population x1000)
What is the “Natural Increase Rate?”
The difference between a country’s birth rate and death rate. (Birth-death)
What is “Immigration Rate”?
Measures the number of people who permanently move to a country. (#of immigrants/population x1000)
What is “Emigration Rate”?
The number of people who permanently leave a country. (#of emigrants/population x1000)
What is “Net Migration Rate”?
Difference between immigration and emigration rates. (Immigration - emigration)
What is “Population Growth Rate”?
The rate at which a country’s population is changing. (Natural increase + net migration rate)
What is the “Dependency Load”?
The percentage of a country’s population that is under 14 and over 65 that must be supported by independent working population.
What is the “dependency ratio”?
The ratio of “dependent” people to those who are “working”
Population 14 and under + population 65+ / working population x100
What is “Infant Mortality Rate”?
The number of children in a country who die in the first year of life for each 1000 births.
What is “Life Expectancy”?
The average lifespan, at birth, of a human being.
What is a population pyramid?
A type of graph that shows the age and gender structure of a population.
What is “Total Fertility Rate”?
The average number of children that each woman will have in her fertile years (between ages of 15-45)
What is the “Replacement Rate”?
The total fertility rate that produces a natural increase rate of 0.
What can you learn from a population pyramid?
Life expectancy, infant mortality rate, the dependency load, whether the country is developed or undeveloped, etc.
What are the stages in the Demographic Transition Model?
Pre-Transition, Early Transition, Late Transition, Post Transition, Population Decline
Describe Stage 1 of the DTM
Pre-Transition
- high birth rates and death rates
- low pop. growth
- high birth rates (no birth control)
- high infant mortality (parents have many children hoping for survival)
- high death rates (famine, disease, lack of medical knowledge)
Describe Stage 2 of the DTM
Early Transition
- declining death rates
- more food and sanitation
- high birth rates (tradition)
- religion maintains large families
- natural increase at greatest
Describe Stage 3 of the DTM
Late Transition
- birth rates fall (control)
- lower infant mortality
- industrialized, fewer labourers
- women choose career paths that affect amount of children born
- increased desire to buy things (could not be afforded if families were larger)
Describe Stage 4 of the DTM
Post Transition
- 0 population growth
- birth and death rates close, therefore little or no population growth
Describe Stage 5 of DTM
Population Decline
- death rates higher than birth rates
- MDC experience this
*Not technically part of DTM (created in 1929)
What is “Optimum Population”?
A theoretical state in which the number of people, when working with all the available resources, will produce the highest per capita economic return, i.e. the highest standard of living and quality of life. If the size of the population increases or decreases from the optimum, the output per capita and standard of living will fall.
What is “Standard of Living”?
Determined by interactions between physical and human resources and can be expressed in the following theoretical formula:
Standard of Living: (Natural resources x Technology) / Population
How does overpopulation occur?
Too many people relative to the resources and technology locally available to maintain an adequate standard of living (e.g. Bangladesh)
How does under population occur?
Far more resources in an area than can be used by the number of people living there (e.g. Canada)
What are Negative Checks?
Ways to limit population growth by preventing births. E.g. Family planning, promoting late marriages, encouraging education and career paths for women
What are Positive Checks?
Ways to limit population size by events such as famine, disease and war, to increase the mortality rate and reduce life expectancy.
What are the 5 stage of the Rostow Model?
The Traditional Society, Pre-Conditions for Take Off, Take Off, The Drive to Maturity, High Mass Consumption.
What is “capital”?
Financial or physical assets which can generate income, such as property or investments. One of the factors of production, it is the stock of man-made resources used in the production of goods and services.
Very important for development.
What are “push factors”?
Factors that cause migrants to migrate somewhere else, e.g. Conflict, climate, lack of employment
What are “pull factors”?
Factors that attract migrants, e.g. Freedom, education, health care, employment
What are the possible benefits of migrants?
3 for receiving and 2 for sending
Receiving countries: younger population therefore more workers, economy boost, exposure to new culture
Sending countries: migrants send $ back to families, culture is spread
What are the possible costs of migrants?
3 for receiving and 2 for sending
Receiving countries: more people to take care of, unemployment rates could increase, social tension
Sending countries: lower population = lower capital, loss of workforce.
What are the 3 options for refugees?
Voluntary repatriation, local integration, third-country resettlement
What is “voluntary repatriation”?
Return of refugees to home country once conditions have improved to the point that they no longer believe their lives or liberty are in danger
What is “local integration”?
Situation that occurs when government of country that granted asylum allows refugees to integrate into the local communities in which they are staying
What is “third-country resettlement”?
When repatriation to home country is not possible, find another country willing to accept the refugees.
What are “remittances”?
$ that is sent home by migrants to their families. Large financial inflow to many developing countries, exceeding international aid.
What is “brain drain”?
Educated people leave countries to move to wealthier places with better opportunities
What is “brain gain”?
Wealthy countries gain the educated people who have migrated, immigrants join workforce
What are refugees?
People fleeing their home country in order to escape danger
What are asylum seekers?
People who seek refugee status in another country
What are illegal immigrants?
People who enter another country without permission who plan to remain there
What is an economic migrant?
A migrant who migrates to seek for job opportunities
What is a IDP?
An Internally Displaced Person: those who have fled their homes but continue to live in their home countries
What is internal migration?
Migration within a nation, primarily for education and economic reasons. Movement from rural to urban areas
What are the advantages of youthful populations?
- lower health care costs
- large potential workforce
- attractive to new investment
- large potential market for selected goods
What are the disadvantages of a youthful population?
- cost of supporting school and health clinics
- high unemployment rates
- lots of people in poor quality housing
- high population growth
- high crime rates
What is demography?
The study of human population
