Unit 1- Population Flashcards
1
Q
Why has the population structures of different countries changed?
A
Because countries pass through different stages of population growth (as shown in the DTM), i.e the birth rate, death rate and natural population changes.
2
Q
What strategies have been introduced to countries who have a high exponential rate?
A
Countries such as China introduced the “one-child” policy to slow down their exponential growth.
3
Q
How does an ageing population impact the future development of a country?
A
If there is an ageing population, there are more elderly dependants compared to the number of economically active. This means there that the government cannot collect much tax to support their country- which leads to economic problems such as recession.
4
Q
What is population distribution?
A
Population distribution is the term used to describe how evenly habitants are spread out in an area.
5
Q
What is population density?
A
Population density is the measure of the number of people in a specified are- it is usually measure in km^2
6
Q
How is the the global population distributed?
A
The global population is unevenly distributed. This is because the northern and southern areas have a low population density but counties around the equator are densley poopluated.
7
Q
What are reasons as to why countries are densely populated?
A
Countries that are densely populated usually have a temperate climate and have high birth rates.
8
Q
What is Age Structure?
A
This is the proportion of each age group in a population.
9
Q
What is the definition of “Birth Rate”?
A
The number of babies born per 1000 live births a year.
10
Q
What is child mortality?
A
The number of children that die under the age of 5, per 1000 live births.
11
Q
How does a chloropleth map work?
A
A chloropleth map uses colours to show figures in a map. The darker the colour, the greater the number and the same visa versa.
12
Q
What is the definition of “Death Rate”?
A
The number of deaths per 1000 people a year.
13
Q
What is dependency ratio?
A
Dependency ratio is the balance between the independents and the dependants.
14
Q
What is the definition of “destination”?
A
This is the country where a migrant settles in.
15
Q
What is exponential growth?
A
This is the pattern where growth rate is constantly increasing.
(J curve on a graph)
16
Q
What is female emancipation?
A
This is when women increasingly go out and get careers with senior positions.
17
Q
What is Gender structure?
A
The balance between the males and females in a population.
18
Q
What is infant mortality?
A
Infant mortality is the number of babies that die under the age of 1, per 1000 live births.
19
Q
What is “Life Expectancy?”?
A
This is a figure which estimates how many years someone will live from birth.
20
Q
What is Natural decrease?
A
Where the DR exceeds the BR.
21
Q
What is natural increase?
A
When the BR exceeds the DR.
22
Q
What is Zero Growth?
A
This is when the DR and BR balance out each other- causing no overall growth or decrease.
23
Q
What factors determine how densely an area is populated?
A
- Relief: the shape of the land; mountainous or low lying?
- Climate: temperate or harsh?
- Soils: Deep hummus soils or thin, unproductive and damaged soils?
- Economies: Successful businesses or poorly developed economies?
- Settlement History: natural/man made communications or isolation?
- Natural Resources: Plenty of resources or do they lack?
24
Q
What is the DTM and what does it show?
A
The DTM is diagram showing the different stages a country goes through when developing or declining. It also shows the birth and death rates that the countries in that stage have.
25
What is Stage 1 of the DTM?
High Fluctuating, e.g: Traditional Rainforest Tribes.
They have high birth and death rates which both fluctuate due to famine, disease and war. However, their population is stable overall.
26
What is Stage 2 of the DTM?
Early Expanding, e.g. Afghanistan.
In this stage, their death rates slowly decrease whilst their birth rates are still high. Which makes their population grow overall.
27
What is Stage 3 of the DTM?
Late expanding, e.g. Countries that are at lesser stages of develop such as India, Kenya, Brazil etc.
In this stage, their birth rates drop rapidly and their deaths rates decrease- but slowly. Their population grows overall but not quite as fast.
28
What is Stage 4 of the DTM?
Low Fluctuating, e.g. Most countries ate further stages of development, for example USA, France, UK etc.
these countries would have low birth and deaths rates. Also, their birth rates depend to fluctuate depending on their economic situation.
29
What is Stage 5 of the DTM?
Natural decrease, e.g. Italy, Germany, countries in eastern Europe and Japan.
Their birth rates are very low and go beneath the death rate- but their death rate eventually increases a little bit because they are entering an ageing population. This makes their overall population decrease overall.
30
Describe the distribution of countries in Stage 3 of the DTM.
Countries in stage 3 are located in the Southern Hemisphere, e.g. Mali, Niger, Egypt, Iran etc.
31
Describe the distribution of countries in Stage 4 of the DTM.
Countries in Stage 4 are located in the Northern Hemisphere, e.g. China, Russia, UK and Canada.
32
Give an example of a country which is in Stage 5 of the DTM.
An example of a country that is in Stage 5 of the DTM is Germany.
33
What factors cause population change?
- Education
- Health and Medical reasons.
- Social and Political reasons.
- Cultural and Religious reasons.
- Environmental reasons.
34
What is Dependancy?
This is a mathematical sum which allows the government to work out how many people of working age they have compared to those who are said to be dependant.
35
How does agricultural change affect population growth?
In MEDC's, technology is advanced so less labour is required. Therefore, they do not need children to help with work, creating smaller families overall.
However in LEDC's, technology is still not as developed as MEDC's so they have a lot of children to help them work as children are seen as economic assets.
36
How does the changing status of women affect population growth?
In MEDC's, women are constantly gaining higher positions in their careers as education is developing as so is equality. Women end up not having as many children/any as they want to focus on their work.
In LEDC's, women have unfortunately still not got equality and the literacy rates are low. Therefore they cannot get great jobs, so they tend to have more children.
37
What are population pyramids?
Population pyramids are a type of bar graph which shows the age and gender structure of a country, city or area. The lower part of the pyramid is know as the base and shies the younger section of the population and the the apex shows the elderly.
38
Why are population pyramids useful?
It tells us a great deal about population, such as birth rates, to a lesser extent death rates, life expectancy and the levels of economic development.
39
Why has the global population increased over time?
- Due to exponential growth, the population has increase.
- The impact in increasing urbanisation, agricultural change, education and the emancipation of women also affects the rate of population growth.
40
Why was transmigration introduced in Indonesia?
Indonesia is a developing country in S.E Asia. It compromises 17,500 islands and is the 4th most populous country with a population of 240 million. But in 1969, the population was growing over 1% per year and with a birth rate of 18.1 per 1000 and a death rate of 6.3 per 1000- islands such as Bali,Java and Madura attempted to redistribute the population through transmigration.
41
What is Transmigration?
Transmigration is a policy/ initiative that aims to move people from densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas and provide the transmigrators with an opportunity to have a better life.
42
What were recent developments of the transmigration policy in Indonesia?
In 2006: 20,000 families took advantage of the transmigration programme.
In 2010: 250,000 families wanted to transmigrate, but the government could only support 10,000 families.
43
What were the economic problems of transmigration in Indonesia?
- Project only redistributed poverty
- Settlements were poorly planned
- The project was very expensive.
- Many new migrants lacked farming skills.
- It costed $7000 to transmigrate people which is a lot of money and the country went into a lot of debt.
44
What were the environmental problems to do with Transmigration in Indonesia?
- Deforestation occurred to support housing and this killed many ecosystems- including some ecosystems that were endemic to the rainforest.
- Poor land use practices--> e.g. Over cultivating or soil erosion.
45
What were the social effects of Transmigration in Indonesia?
- Social clashes between the migrants and habitants.
- Traditional land rights were often ignored
- Religious clashes between Islamists and local Christians.
46
What were the political effects of the Transmigration policy in Indonesia?
-Critics suggest that this policy was primarily introduced to increase rational security and to control the indigenous in the outskirts of the island.
47
What problems were created due to the one child policy in China?
1) There was an unbalanced gender ratio uas the Chinese society prefers boys over girls, so some girls were placed in orphanages or allowed to die in hope of having a boy second time round.
2) There was an ageing population.
3) 4-2-1 effect puts strain on the only child.
4) Little emperor syndrome.
5) Women were discriminated
48
What is the definition of a sustainable population?
A sustainable population is one whose growth and development is at a rate which does not compromise the needs of the future generations. (Countries of stage 4 of the DTM are ideal as they have a relatively low BR and DR)
49
What loopholes were in the policy?
- The policy didn't apply to ethnic minorities or rural residents as they would need boys to help with farm work.
- When both parents are born under the one child policy, the child can have 2 children.
- Sex selected abortions were prohibited.
- If you're child was mentally or physically handicapped then the couple would be allowed to have another child.
50
Describe the Ageing population case study in East Devon.
East Devon has most of the 10 million over 65s in the UK, and also has the 2nd highest concentration of old people. It's dependency ratio is 53.8% as 19% of the population is under 15 and 16% are over 65.
50
What are the problems with an ageing population?
- It is unattractive to younger people.
- There are less workers to pay tax to the government.
- More pensions are needed= strain on the government.
- More health problems puts pressure on the NHS.
- Elderly need specialised housing which is expensive.
51
What are the benefits of an ageing population?
- Elderly give £215 million to the government.
- They look after children which saves money as they do not need to pay to go to nursery.
- Elderly do a lot voluntary work.
- A lot of transport is needed which provides jobs.
52
What strategies can be introduced to cope with an ageing population?
- Provide regular NHS checkups to ensure they are mani gaining a good health.
- Provide financial support to grandparents looking after children.
- Review the age at which people can retire.
- Provide extra winter fuel so that they do not struggle in the cold.
- Build homes that suit the needs for elderly.
53
What are the problems with over population?
- Resource depletion
- Shortages of housing
- A lot of unemployment
- Overcrowding leads to poor living conditions.
54
What are the problems with underpopulation?
- Not enough people to make use of resources.
- Not enough people paying taxes.
- Unemployment
- Often an ageing population.
55
How can populations be made sustainable?
- Encourage recycling
- Make sure there are not too many or too little people.
- Manage resources
56
What does pro-natal mean?
A country that encourages birth.
57
What does anti-natal mean?
People are discouraged to have children.
58
Describe the pro-natalist case study in France?
In France, women were closing to not have children and the government was worried that they were going to enter an ageing population. The following incentives were put in place:
- £675 a month (nearly the minimum wage) for the mother to stay off work for a month.
- "Carte famille nombreuse" for large families to give them large travel reductions.
- Having income tax based on the number of children you have.
- Subsidised day care for children under 3 and full time school places for children over 3.
59
Why has the France policy been successful?
France now has one of the highest fertility rates.
60
What were the positive effects of China's one child policy?
-Parents were given bonuses if they obeyed the policy which helped them with their economic situation.
Children born under the one child policy were provided with:
- Good day care subsidised by the government.
- Free education which created a more educated work force.
61
Why should we encourage migration?
- Helps address underpopulation
- Meets specific skill shortages
- The government receives more tax
- Immigrants add talent to the population.
- addresses labour shortages.
62
Why should we discourage migration?
- Can cause conflict
- Perception of immigrants taking advantage of NHS and benefits
- Can alienate population.
- Pressure on resources
- Discrimination towards migrants.
63
What is migration?
Migration is the flow of people in and out of a country.
64
Describe the Transmigration in Indonesia case study?
The transmigration policy was a giver meant initiative to move people from densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas and give people the opportunity to improve their lives.
65
What incentives were given to move people in the transmigration policy in Indonesia?
- They were given land to own
- They were given a home
- They were given a living allowance for 18 months.
66
What problems occurred after the transmigration policy?
- In 2006, 20,000 transmigrated to Indonesia but by 2010, 250,000 families wanted to go but the government could only afford 10,000 families.
- It was too expensive. Each family would cost $7000.
- People did not how to manage their land (e.g.soil erosion one over cultivation)
- 10% of the worlds rainforest is in Indonesia and this was defrosted to accomadate homes.
- Indigenous had their land rights denied.
67
What were the push factors in Poland to cause internal migration?
- High levels of unemployment
- Poor living conditions
- In 2005, 18.5% of the country was unemployed so not a lot of tax was being paid to the country.
68
What were the pull factors of England that attracted the poles to migrate?
- Educational opportunities and job prospects
- High standards of living; poles would earn up to 5 times more than they would in England.
- Very few natural disasters.
- Good housing.
- Attractive environments and cheap flights.
- No language barrier.
69
What are the benefits of this country for England?
- More tax is being paid.
- England has a more skilled workforce.
- Migrants have been given £4 million.
- Slight increase in birth rate.
70
What negative effects has England experienced from the polish migration?
- Longer queues
- Longer waiting lists
- Adds to governments cost.
- Pressure on UK resources.
- UK habitants do not like the negative effects of migration so there may be conflict.
71
What are the positive effects of migration for Poland?
- On average, £3 billion has been sent back to Poland for any family staying behind.
- If children migrate too then they get good healthcare and education.
72
What are the negatives effects on Poland from this migration?
-Brain drain: all the skilled go to England leaving behind a less skilled workforce.
