Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > Unit 1 Pharmacokinetic Principles > Flashcards

Unit 1 Pharmacokinetic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss the pharmacokinetic principles of Distribution.

A
  1. Factors influencing drug distribution
  2. Volume of Distribution
  3. Loading Dose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the factors that influence drug distribution?

A
  1. Blood flow to the area of action
  2. membrane permeability
  3. Plasma protein binding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an example how blood flow to the area of action can influence drug distribution.

A

Blood Brain Barrier

Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give an example how membrane permeability can influence drug distribution.

A

Lipophilic drugs readily cross the BBB (vs hydrophilic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an example how plasma protein binding can influence drug distribution.

A

higher protein binding decreases unbound or “free” drug in the blood; only unbound drug can exert pharmacologic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A drug that is protein bound or unbound has the best chance of crossing the BBB?

A

Unbound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bound or unbound proteins are less active?

A

Bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phenytoin is a 90% protein bound drug; 10% is free or unbound. What percentage is going to cross the BBB?

A

Unbound/free = 10%; need to give a high enough does to equal that 10%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vd

A

Volume of distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The apparent volume into which a drug distributes in the body at equilibrium.

A

Vd (volume of distribution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the volume that would be required to contain the administered dose if that dose was evenly distributed in blood or plasma

A

Vd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vd = __________ divided by ____________

A

amount in body (mg) / plasma drug concentration (mg/L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

An initial dose that is larger than subsequent doses for the purpose of achieving therapeutic drug concentrations more rapidly

A

Loading Dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Loading dose = ________ x ___________

A

LD = Vd x Cp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are most drugs primarily metabolized?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does metabolism do to drugs?

A

process makes the drug more water soluble to be eliminated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the factors that influence metabolism.

A
  1. Hepatic dysfunction (in liver)
  2. Severe CHF (decrease blood flow via liver)
  3. Advanced age (slower metabolism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Metabolism slows down at what age?

A

65yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phase I Reactions, Phase II Reactions, Prodrugs, and Active metabolites all would be classified under what pharmacokinetic principle?

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When a drug is oxidized or reduced to more polar form?

A

Phase I Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A Phase 1 Reaction makes a drug more water soluble or less water soluble?

A

More polar = more water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cytochrome P450 system is a Phase 1 Reaction or Phase 2 Reaction?

A

Phase I Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What organ contains most of cytochrome P450?

24
Q

List the organs where cytochrome P450 is located.

A

liver, intestines, skin, kidneys, brain, lungs

25
A dug metabolized by Cytochrome P450 system is and inducer, inhibitor, or substrate?
Substrate
26
Hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs are mostly metabolized by Cytochrome P450?
lipophilic
27
Drug that causes more rapid metabolism of substrate drugs? Substrate, Inducer, Inhibitor, prodrug, or active metabolite?
Inducer
28
Give an example of a drug inducer.
chronic EtOH
29
Drug that causes slower metabolism of substrate drugs? Substrate, Inducer, Inhibitor, prodrug, or active metabolite?
Inhibitor
30
Give an example of a drug inhibitor.
Cimitidine
31
What is a Phase II Reaction?
Polar group is conjugated to the drug
32
A phase II reaction will do what to polarity?
increase polarity
33
The goal of metabolism is to make a drug more soluble or insoluble?
water soluble
34
Describe the term prodrug.
inactive substance metabolized to an active substance w/in the body
35
Give an example of a prodrug.
Prednisone metabolized & changes to prednisolone Codeine to morphine Fosphenytoin to phenytoin
36
A prodrug has pharmacological activity? T or F?
False
37
A metabolite that also has therapeutic activity.
Active metabolite
38
Metabolites can be active or inactive?
They can function as both!
39
Describe how elimination is a pharmacokinetic principle.
Drugs are excreted from the body after being metabolized to a more polar form; others are excreted unchanged, usually in the urine
40
How are drugs eliminated?
Via Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
41
Term: Drugs diffuse from blood to nephron
Filtration
42
Drugs best travel through the nephron in what form and become eliminated?
Small, unbound, nonionized, lipid soluble
43
Explain how drug travel from high concentration to low concentration during filtration.
They diffuse from blood to the nephron (small, unbound, non-ionized, lipid soluble
44
When do some drugs go through active transport during the elimination process? Term.
Secretion: Drug into the nephron
45
Term: | Drugs reabsorbed into the blood stream by diffusion from the nephron tubule (small, non-ionized)
Reabsorption
46
List factors that influence elimination.
Renal dysfunction; Heart Failure exacerbation, diabetes, uncontrolled HTN, decrease age
47
Explain half life (t 1/2)
the time it takes the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by 50% after a given dose
48
Give an example of 2 anticoagulants with different half-life.
Heparin = 1.5hrs; Warfarin = 40 hrs
49
The time from 10 hours to 5 hrs is 1 Half-life. At what point does the following half occur?
At 2.5 hrs.
50
How is t 1/2 related to dosing frequency?
The longer the t 1/2, the longer the dosing interval.
51
How is Vd related to t 1/2? A. No relationship B The smaller the Vd, the shorter the t 1/2 C. The larger the Vd, the shorter the t 1/2
B. The smaller the Vd, the shorter the t 1/2
52
Describe Steady State
absorption = elimination; the drug in the body is in a state of homeostasis; generally reached in 5 half-lives.
53
Heparin's t 1/2 is 1.5 hrs. Warfarin's t 1/2 is 40 hrs. What is there steady state?
``` Heparin = 7.5 hours later Warfarin = 200 hrs (8 days) ```
54
The dose of drug that attempts to maintain a steady state plasma concentration in the therapeutic range.
Maintenance Dose
55
Term: What drugs do to the body.
Pharmacodynamics
56
The component of a cell or organism that interest w/ a drug and initiates the chain of biochemical events leading to the drug's observed effects
Receptor
57
What type of receptor alters the physiology of a cell by binding to plasma membrane or intracellular receptors
Agonist

Pharmacology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions