Unit 1 - Patho

Question 1

role of the kidneys

Answer 1

1. regulate water and electrolytes
2. act as an endocrine organ by producing chemical mediators

Question 2

what is the hilus of the kidney?

Answer 2

deep fissure indented on the medial border where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney

Question 3

describe the lobes of the kidney

Answer 3

• there are 8 to 18 lobes of each kidney
• lobes are composed of 800 000 to 1 000 000 nephrons

Question 4

outer cortex

Answer 4

• reddish brown color
• contains glomeruli and convoluted tubules of the nephron, and blood vessels

Question 5

medulla

Answer 5

• consists of light colored cone shaped masses called the renal pyramids

Question 6

renal pelvis

Answer 6

wide, funnel-shaped structure at the end of the upper end of the ureter

Question 7

what makes a nephron?

Answer 7

capillary structures, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Question 8

what is a cortical nephron?

Answer 8

• short, thick loops of Henle that penetrate only a short distance into the medulla
• make up about 85% of all nephrons

think CORTical = CORTex

Question 9

what is a juxtamedullary nephron?

Answer 9

• originate deeper in the cortex and have longer loops of Henle that penetrate the entire length of the medulla

think juxtaMEDULLArry = MEDULLA

Question 10

role of the afferent arteriole?

Answer 10

carries blood to the glomerulus

Question 11

role of the efferent arteriole?

Answer 11

carries blood away from the glomerulus

Question 12

what is Bowman capsule?

Answer 12

double-walled capsule encasing a tuft of afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 13

what is Bowman space?

Answer 13

fluid-filled space within the Bowman capsule

Question 14

describe what happens in Bowman capsule

Answer 14

• fluid and solutes from the blood are filtered through the capillary membrane into the Bowman space
• blood that is filtered is now called filtrate

Question 15

what are the 3 layers of the glomerular capillary membrane?

Answer 15

1. capillary endothelial layer
2. basement membrane
3. single-celled capsular epithelial layer

Question 16

what does the basement membrane do?

Answer 16

• determines the permeability of the glomerular capillary membrane
• the size of the pores prevent red blood cells and plasma proteins from passing through

Question 17

what are mesangial cells?

Answer 17

• produce intercellular substance similar to the basement membrane
• provide support for the glomerulus in areas where there is no basement membrane
• posses phagocytic properties the remove macromolecules that enter the inter-capillary spaces

Question 18

what are the 2 components of urine formation?

Answer 18

1. filtration of the blood through the glomerulus to form an ultrafiltrate of urine
2. tubular reabsorption of electrolytes and nutrients needed to maintain hemostasis and elimination of waste materials

Question 19

what is glomerular filtrate?

Answer 19

• similar to plasma
• contains almost no proteins

Question 20

what is GFR?

Answer 20

glomerular filtration rate
- about 125 mL per minute
- about 1 mL is excreted in the urine
- 124 mL is reabsorbed in the tubules

Question 21

what is the proximal tubule responsible for?

Answer 21

reabsorption and secretory processes (highly permeable to water)
- about 65% occurs here